Fig 1. Conceptual model representing the impact of fipronil-induced adult and larval mortality on population dynamics of sand flies.

Sand flies are represented as eggs, larvae, pupae, pre-reproductive adults, pre-oviposition adults, reproductive adults, and post reproductive adults. Pre-reproductive adults require a blood meal to proceed with oviposition. Fipronil increases the mortality rate of adults feeding on treated cattle and larvae feeding on feces excreted by treated cattle. All processes represented by eqs 1–3 and 5–13 are temperature dependent.