Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study population (insulin naïve people with Type 2 diabetes), stratified by HADS-Anxiety and HADS-Depression subgroups.
| Characteristics | HADS-A <8 | HADS-A ≥8 | HADS-A <8 | HADS-A ≥8 | Overall | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| and | and | and | and | test | |||
| % (n) | Number | HADS-D <8 | HADS-D <8 | HADS-D ≥8 | HADS-D ≥8 | p-value* | |
| n = 948 | missing | n = 691 | n = 77 | n = 87 | n = 93 | ||
| Sociodemographic characteristics | |||||||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 67 (12) | 0 | 67 (12) | 64 (14) | 71 (10)** | 65 (12) | <0.001 |
| Male sex, % (n) | 49 (466) | 0 | 50 (348) | 39 (30) | 52 (45) | 46 (43) | 0.25 |
| Living alone, % (n) | 39 (372) | 3 | 41 (282) | 36 (28) | 31 (27) | 38 (35) | 0.30 |
| Low education % (n) | 65 (564) | 82 | 64 (404) | 63 (46) | 70 (53) | 73 (61) | 0.27 |
| Glycaemic control, mean (SD) | |||||||
| HbA1c, % units (NGSP units) | 7.7 (1.7) | 43 | 7.8 (1.7) | 7.0 (1.3)** | 7.8 (1.6) | 7.5 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol (IFCCU) | 61 (19) | 43 | 62 (19) | 53 (14) | 62 (17) | 58 (15) | |
| Macrovascular complications, % (n) | |||||||
| Self-reported stroke a | 6 (55) | 35 | 5 (33) | 8 (6) | 11 (9) | 8 (7) | 0.09 |
| Self-reported myocardial infarction a | 12 (111) | 21 | 11 (75) | 11 (8) | 17 (14) | 15 (14) | 0.35 |
| Self-reported angina pectoris a | 18 (167) | 26 | 18 (118) | 18 (13) | 18 (15) | 23 (21) | 0.67 |
| Any cardiovascular disease b | 27 (250) | 22 | 26 (173) | 27 (20) | 35 (30) | 29 (27) | 0.28 |
| Microvascular complications, % (n) | |||||||
| Microalbuminuria | 23(237) | 87 | 24 (151) | 24 (17) | 24 (19) | 18 (15) | 0.62 |
| Eye problems due to diabetes a | 9 (67) | 165 | 7 (38) | 10 (6) | 11 (8) | 21 (15)** | <0.001 |
| Any microvascular complication b | 33 (303) | 173 | 31 (179) | 34 (21) | 37 (26) | 36 (26) | 0.68 |
| HADS—A, mean score, (SD) | 4.2 (3.7) | 2.7 (2.1) | 9.6 (2.2) | 3.9 (2.0) | 11.7 (2.8) | ||
| HADS—D, mean score, (SD) | 4.5 (3.4) | 3.1 (2.2) | 5.3 (1.8) | 9.2 (1.7) | 10.6 (2.4) |
a Stroke, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris and eye problems due to diabetes are self-reported.
b All medical comorbid conditions were combined into two composite disease measures: any cardiovascular disease (stroke, myocardial infarction and/or angina pectoris) and any microvascular complications (eye problems due to diabetes and/or microalbuminuria).
*Analysis of variance (ANOVA) F test for continuous data and X2 test for categorical data.
**Indicate p values < 0.001 in planned comparisons performed for variables with overall statistically significant results (p <0.05), with HADS-A <8 and HADS-D <8 as the reference group.