Table 4.

Association of Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domain Clusters and Associated Caregiver Distress with Psychotropic Use^a

	Antipsychotic (n=286)		Sedative-hypnotic (n=276)		Antidepressant (n=289)
Domain Cluster	Adjustedb OR (95% CI)	P value	Adjustedb OR (95% CI)	P value	Adjustedb OR (95% CI)	P value
Delusions + Hallucinations + Agitationc	1.12 (1.00–1.24)	0.04	X	X	X	X
Caregiver distressd	0.99 (0.80–1.24)	0.96	X	X	X	X
Anxiety + Agitationc	X	X	1.28 (1.06–1.55)	0.01	X	X
Caregiver distressd	X	X	0.89 (0.71–1.12)	0.31	X	X
Depression + Apathyc	X	X	X	X	0.97 (0.87–1.08)	0.52
Caregiver distressd	X	X	X	X	1.22 (0.99–1.50)	0.07
Resides in nursing home (ref: no)	9.47 (4.48–20.03)	<0.001	12.94 (4.43–37.78)	<0.001	14.62 (4.53–47.19)	<0.001
Dementia Stage
Mild	ref		ref		ref
Moderate	6.90 (2.15–22.12)	0.002	1.32 (0.37–4.76)	0.66	2.74 (0.88–8.51)	0.08
Severe	3.29 (1.08–10.00)	0.04	0.39 (0.09–1.59)	0.18	1.51 (0.34–6.65)	0.57

^aOdds ratio reflects odds of medication use relative to the no medication group. Medication groups are mutually exclusive.

^bAdjusted for age (linear term), gender, survey year, nursing home residence, and dementia stage.

^cDomain cluster variable is continuous and derived by adding the NPI scores for each domain listed in the cell. Odds ratio reflects the odds of medication associated with 1 additional NPI point from domains represented.

^dCaregiver distress variable is continuous and derived by adding the NPI caregiver distress scores for the respective participant domains.