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. 2016 Aug 19;10:370. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00370

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Copyright © 2016 Ghodratitoostani, Zana, Delbem, Sani, Ekhtiari and Sanchez.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Anatomical structure of the proposed Neurofunctional Tinnitus Model; LPFC, Lateral prefrontal cortex; vmPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex; NAc, nucleus accumbens; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; MGN, medial geniculate nucleus; TRN, thalamic reticular nucleus; VP, ventral palladium; MDN, medial dorsal nucleus; Basal ganglia include VP and NAc; EC, Evaluation Conditioning. (A) Phantom sound perception without negative reaction is defined as “Neutral stage” within the Neurofunctional Tinnitus Model; (B) The evaluation conditioning and appraisal learning procedure and anatomical part of plastic change in tinnitus brain network, is identified as “Clinical Distress stage” of the Neurofunctional Tinnitus Model.