Table 3.

Factors associated with daily participation in PT interventions in the ICU

Variable	Bivariable RRR (95 % CI)	P valuea	Multinomial RRR (95 % CI)	P valuea
Overall sleep quality, per 10 points on RCSQc	0.99 (0.94–1.05)	0.77	1.02 (0.96–1.07)	0.55
Baseline variables
Age, per year	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	0.59	1.00 (0.99–1.02)	0.50
Female sex	0.84 (0.57–1.23)	0.37	0.78 (0.54–1.13)	0.19
Race
White	REF
Black	0.76 (0.54–1.06)	0.10	0.84 (0.58–1.23)	0.37
Other	0.72 (0.40–1.32)	0.29	0.54 (0.30–0.99)	0.047
Ambulatory status prior to ICU admission
Ambulatory	REF
Not ambulatory	0.83 (0.49–1.40)	0.48	0.48 (0.27–0.84)	0.01
Unknown/missing	0.78 (0.47–1.30)	0.34	0.98 (0.58–1.67)	0.95
Intensive care variablesb
Admission diagnosis category
Respiratory failure	REF
Gastrointestinal	0.95 (0.50–1.80)	0.86	0.94 (0.49–1.81)	0.86
Sepsis, non-pulmonary	0.87 (0.56–1.36)	0.56	0.78 (0.45–1.36)	0.38
Cardiovascular	1.19 (0.63–2.23)	0.59	1.06 (0.56–2.02)	0.86
Other	1.09 (0.70–1.69)	0.70	1.15 (0.75–1.76)	0.52
Mechanically ventilated	0.93 (0.66–1.32)	0.69	1.10 (0.75–1.61)	0.64
Delirious stated	0.50 (0.37–0.68)	<0.001
Received benzodiazepine bolus dose	1.13 (0.75–1.70)	0.56
Received opioid bolus dose	0.86 (0.60–1.22)	0.40	0.68 (0.47–0.99)	0.04
Received sedation infusione	0.59 (0.42– 0.81)	0.001	0.58 (0.40–0.85)	0.01
Did not receive benzodiazepine bolus and normal mental statusd,f			REF
Received benzodiazepine bolus and normal mental statusd,f			1.50 (0.88–2.54)	0.13
Delirious state and did not receive benzodiazepine bolusd,f			0.56 (0.41–0.76)	<0.001
Delirious state and received benzodiazepine bolusd, f			0.25 (0.13–0.50)	<0.001

PT physical therapy, ICU intensive care unit, RRR relative risk ratio, CI confidence interval, RCSQ Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire

^aCalculated using a first-order Markov multinomial regression model, with robust variance estimates to account for within-patient clustering of repeated daily assessment of participation in PT interventions. RRR >1 interpreted as having greater participation with PT intervention on the following day

^bDaily ICU variables measured the day before assessment for participation with PT intervention

^cScored using 100-mm visual-analogue scale, with higher scores representing better sleep quality

^dMeasured by the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU) on the morning prior to attempted PT

^eIncludes benzodiazepine and/or opioid infusions. During this study, benzodiazepine infusions were co-administered with opioid infusions on 356 of 373 (95 %) patient-days, and these variables were therefore combined into a single variable

^fAssessed using interaction term in the multivariable regression model