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. 2015 Mar 2;94(3):518–533. doi: 10.3382/ps/peu076

Table A1.

Summary of published data on ammonia (NH3) concentrations in different laying-hen housing systems.

NH3 Concentration Housing Manure Manure Removal Country/Region Measurement Measurement Measurement Reference
(ppm) System1 System3 Frequency Technique4 Duration Frequency
2.8–5.4 CC MB Daily / Semi-weekly United States Dräeger 1 year Two days every 1 or 3 weeks Liang et al. (2005)
12.9–13.3 CC MB Once every 3 days United States Innova 1412 2 years Continuous Ni et al. (2012)
4.0 CC MB Twice per week United States Innova 1412 27 months Continuous This study
2.3–6.8 CC MC Daily China Innova 1312 1 year 5 consecutive days per season Zhu et al. (2011)
3–5 CC - - Switzerland - - 4 days Aggrey et al. (1990)
2.7 CC - - Germany NH3 Analyzer - - Seedorf and Hartung (1999)
3.5–7.0 CC - - Taiwan Portable gas monitor and NH3 tubes 1 year 4 (summer) or 2 (winter) times Cheng et al. (2011)
11.9 CC MB or PT - United Kingdom NH3 Analyzer 1 year 4 days in summer and winter Groot Koerkamp et al. (1998)
5.9 CC MB or PT - The Netherlands NH3 Analyzer 1 year 4 days in summer and winter Groot Koerkamp et al. (1998)
6.1 CC MB or PT - Denmark NH3 Analyzer 1 year 4 days in summer and winter Groot Koerkamp et al. (1998)
1.6 CC MB or PT - Germany NH3 Analyzer 1 year 4 days in summer and winter Groot Koerkamp et al. (1998)
13.5 CC PT - United Kingdom NH3 Analyzer 1 year 1 day (at least) in summer and winter Wathes et al. (1997)
23 CC HR - United States NH3 Analyzer 0.5 year (Dec–Jun) Continuous Lim et al. (2003a)
35.9–44.8 CC HR Annually United States Dräeger 1 year Two days every 2 or 3 weeks Liang et al. (2005)
48.9–51.9 CC HR Annually or less United States Innova 1412 2 years Continuous Ni et al. (2012)
20.7–22.9 CC HR Annually United States Innova 1412 2 years Continuous Wang et al. (2012)
2.5–5.2 EC MB Semi-weekly / Every 5 days Sweden Kitagawa, Dräeger 0.4 year (Jan–Apr) - Nimmermark et al. (2009)
0.4–4.2 EC MB Weekly Germany Innova 1302 2 years 1 day (2 hours at noon) per month Hinz et al. (2010)
2.8 EC MB Twice per week United States Innova 1412 27 months Continuous This study
5–35 AV PT and L - Switzerland - - 4 days Aggrey et al. (1990)
12.3 AV PT - United Kingdom NH3 Analyzer 1 year 1 day (at least) in summer and winter Wathes et al. (1997)
11.1–16.0 AV MB and L Once per 0.5–5 days The Netherlands NH3 Analyzer - 5 consecutive 3-week periods Groot Koerkamp and Bleijenberg (1998)
8.3 AV L - United Kingdom NH3 Analyzer 1 year 4 days in summer and winter Groot Koerkamp et al. (1998)
29.6 AV L - The Netherlands NH3 Analyzer 1 year 4 days in summer and winter Groot Koerkamp et al. (1998)
25.2 AV L - Denmark NH3 Analyzer 1 year 4 days in summer and winter Groot Koerkamp et al. (1998)
6.8–11.9 AV L - Italy Bruel&Kjiaer 0.3 year (Jul–Oct) 4 days da Borso et al. (2004)
8–282 AV MB and L Once per 8 days or more Sweden Infrared spectrophotometer 1.25 years Continuous Gustafsson and von Wachenfelt (2005)
32–38 AV MB and L Weekly (MB); end of flock (L) Sweden Kitagawa, Dräeger 0.4 year (Jan–Apr) - Nimmermark et al. (2009)
57–85 AV L End of flock (L) Sweden Kitagawa, Dräeger 0.4 year (Jan–Apr) - Nimmermark et al. (2009)
2.2–18.5 AV MB and L Weekly (MB); end of flock (L) Germany Innova 1302 2 years 1 day (2 hours at noon) per month Hinz et al. (2010)
9.2–47.4 AV L End of flock (L) Germany Innova 1302 2 years 1 day (2 hours at noon) per month Hinz et al. (2010)
0.4–12.8 AV MB and L 1/2 or 1/3 manure were removed daily (MB); end of flock (L) United States Dräeger 1 year Two days every 2 weeks Zhao et al. (2013a)
8.7 AV MB and L 1/3 or 1/7 manure were removed daily (MB); end of flock (L) United States Innova 1412 1.75 years Continuous Hayes et al. (2013)
6.7 AV MB and L Twice per week United States Innova 1412 27 months Continuous This study
1.9–33.6 FR PT End of flock (L) Germany Innova 1302 2 years 1 day (2 hours at noon) per month Hinz et al. (2010)
12.7–15.5 FR MB and L Semi-weekly / Weekly The Netherlands Impinger 1.4 years 2 consecutive days per season Dekker et al. (2011)
1

CC = conventional cage; EC = enriched colony; AV = aviary; and FR = free range.

2

Estimated values from figure.

3

MB = manure belt; MC = manure channel (shallow manure pit scrapped regularly); PT = deep pit; HR = high-rise; L = litter.

4

Manufactory information: Dräeger (Dräeger Safety, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA), Innova (LumaSense Technologies, Ballerup, Denmark), NH3 analyzer (Thermo Environmental Instruments, USA), Portable gas monitor (VRAE Hand-Held 5-Gas Surveyor; RAE Systems, San Jose, CA), NH3 tubes (No. 3L; Gastec Corp., Ayase, Japan), Kitagawa (105SC, 105SD, 126SF, Komyo Rikagako Kogyo K.K., Kanagawa, Japan), infrared spectrophotometer (Miran 203, Foxboro Analytical, UK), Bruel&Kjiaer (Model 1302, Brüel & Kjær Sound & Vibration Measurement A/S, Nærum, Denmark).

Note: References are searched in Google Scholar and Academic Search Premier (EBSCO) using keywords ‘ammonia’, ‘concentration’, and ‘hen’.