Table 2.
Associations of BMI, WHR, and childhood BMI genetic risk scores with infant growth (N = 2,955)a
| Risk score (number of SNPs in risk score) | Peak weight velocityb | BMI at adiposity peakb | Age at adiposity peakb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beta (CI 95 %) | P-value | Beta (CI 95 %) | P-value | Beta (CI 95 %) | P-value | |
| Main risk scores* | ||||||
| Adult BMI (N = 97) | 0.027 (−0.004; 0.058) | 0.093 | 0.048 (0.015; 0.081) | 0.005 | 0.015 (−0.021; 0.051) | 0.418 |
| Secondary risk scores | ||||||
| Adult WHR (N = 47) | −0.022 (−0.054; 0.010) | 0.180 | −0.010 (−0.044; 0.025) | 0.587 | −0.016 (−0.053; 0.022) | 0.411 |
| Child BMI (N = 15) | 0.038 (0.007; 0.070) | 0.018 | 0.039 (0.006; 0.073) | 0.023 | 0.027 (−0.010; 0.063) | 0.153 |
| Adult BMI pathway genetic risk scores** | ||||||
| Neuronal | ||||||
| Neuronal developmental processes (N = 29) | 0.036 (0.003; 0.070) | 0.031 | 0.049 (0.013; 0.084) | 0.007 | −0.020 (−0.058; 0.019) | 0.311 |
| Neurotransmission (N = 10) | −0.009 (−0.040; 0.022) | 0.558 | −0.001 (−0.034; 0.032) | 0.948 | 0.002 (−0.034; 0.038) | 0.901 |
| Hypothalamic expression and regulation (N = 13) | 0.001 (−0.030; 0.033) | 0.932 | 0.008 (−0.025; 0.042) | 0.637 | 0.023 (−0.013; 0.059) | 0.203 |
| Neuronal expression (N = 12) | −0.034 (−0.065; −0.003) | 0.034 | −0.010 (−0.044; 0.024) | 0.559 | 0.026 (−0.010; 0.062) | 0.159 |
| Lipid biosynthesis and metabolism (N = 10) | 0.002 (−0.030; 0.033) | 0.918 | 0.006 (−0.028; 0.040) | 0.358 | 0.020 (−0.017; 0.056) | 0.291 |
| Bone development (N = 9) | 0.017 (−0.014; 0.048) | 0.290 | 0.017 (−0.017; 0.050) | 0.336 | 0.001 (−0.035; 0.037) | 0.957 |
| Signaling | ||||||
| MAPK1/extracellular signal-regulated kinases (N = 9) | 0.009 (−0.022; 0.040) | 0.579 | 0.008 (−0.025; 0.042) | 0.625 | 0.011 (−0.025; 0.047) | 0.534 |
| JAK (N = 2) | −0.007 (−0.038; 0.025) | 0.679 | −0.005 (−0.038; 0.029) | 0.779 | −0.006 (−0.042; 0.030) | 0.750 |
| CyclicAMP (N = 5) | −0.020 (−0.052; 0.013) | 0.233 | 0.019 (−0.015; 0.054) | 0.368 | −0.016 (−0.053; 0.021) | 0.391 |
| WNTSignaling (N = 6) | 0.033 (0.001; 0.064) | 0.041 | 0.017 (−0.016; 0.051) | 0.311 | 0.019 (−0.017; 0.055) | 0.293 |
| G-protein coupled receptor | ||||||
| Notch signaling (N = 2) | 0.010 (−0.021; 0.041) | 0.531 | 0.009 (−0.024; 0.043) | 0.581 | 0.012 (−0.024; 0.048) | 0.508 |
| Mitochondrial (N = 8) | 0.010 (−0.023; 0.043) | 0.559 | 0.004 (−0.032; 0.039) | 0.840 | 0.039 (0.001; 0.077) | 0.046 |
| Retinoic acid receptors (N = 6) | 0.019 (−0.013; 0.050) | 0.245 | 0.025 (−0.009; 0.058) | 0.144 | 0.019 (−0.017; 0.055) | 0.308 |
| Endocytosis/exocytosis (N = 14) | 0.004 (−0.027; 0.036) | 0.778 | 0.005 (−0.028; 0.038) | 0.776 | 0.007 (−0.029; 0.043) | 0.699 |
| Eye-related (N = 5) | 0.010 (−0.022; 0.042) | 0.548 | 0.010 (−0.025; 0.045) | 0.567 | −0.030 (−0.067; 0.007) | 0.116 |
| Tumorigenesis (N = 11) | 0.018 (−0.015; 0.050) | 0.285 | 0.018 (−0.017; 0.052) | 0.320 | −0.001 (−0.038; 0.036) | 0.954 |
| Apoptosis (N = 13) | 0.027 (−0.004; 0.059) | 0.087 | 0.018 (−0.016; 0.052) | 0.294 | 0.033 (−0.004; 0.069) | 0.077 |
| Membrane proteins (N = 12) | 0.057 (0.025; 0.088) | 3.88*10 −4 | 0.048 (0.015; 0.082) | 0.005 | 0.028 (−0.008; 0.065) | 0.124 |
| Hormone metabolism/regulation (N = 4) | −0.009 (−0.041; 0.022) | 0.564 | −0.009 (−0.042; 0.025) | 0.610 | 0.010 (−0.027; 0.046) | 0.604 |
| Purine/pyrimidine cycle (N = 4) | 0.009 (−0.022; 0.041) | 0.557 | 0.039 (0.006; 0.073) | 0.023 | −0.025 (−0.061; 0.011) | 0.178 |
| Monogenic obesity/energy homeostasis (N = 9) | −0.013 (−0.045; 0.018) | 0.406 | −0.014 (−0.048; 0.020) | 0.413 | 0.026 (−0.011; 0.062) | 0.168 |
| Immune system (N = 15) | 0.045 (0.014; 0.076) | 0.005 | 0.049 (0.015; 0.082) | 0.004 | −0.003 (−0.039; 0.033) | 0.868 |
| Limb development (N = 3) | 0.018 (−0.014; 0.049) | 0.267 | 0.022 (−0.011; 0.056) | 0.195 | 0.001 (−0.035; 0.037) | 0.945 |
| Ubiquitin pathways (N = 6) | −0.006 (−0.038; 0.025) | 0.684 | 0.007 (−0.027; 0.040) | 0.693 | −0.025 (−0.061; 0.011) | 0.168 |
| Glucose homeostasis/diabetes (N = 11) | 0.023 (−0.009; 0.054) | 0.160 | 0.021 (−0.013; 0.055) | 0.219 | 0.026 (−0.010; 0.063) | 0.156 |
| Cell cycle (N = 23) | 0.008 (−0.023; 0.039) | 0.611 | 0.011 (−0.023; 0.044) | 0.538 | −0.001 (−0.037; 0.035) | 0.959 |
| DNARepair | ||||||
| Nuclear trafficking (N = 4) | −0.015 (−0.047; 0.017) | 0.362 | −0.023 (−0.057; 0.011) | 0.187 | −0.032 (−0.068; 0.005) | 0.092 |
| Muscle biology (N = 6) | −0.011 (−0.043; 0.020) | 0.479 | −0.0003 (−0.034; 0.033) | 0.985 | 0.014 (−0.022; 0.050) | 0.446 |
* Bold font indicates P-value < 0.05. ** Bold font indicates significant after Bonferroni correction for the 28 pathways (p-value < 0.0018)
aAnalyses were performed in children with complete data on genetic variants, at least one outcome under study, and covariates
bValues are linear regression coefficients for models adjusted for sex and the first four genetic principal components and represent the difference in standard deviation scores of the outcome measures for each additional average risk allele in the risk scores