Table 1.

Drug Information for common chemotherapy drugs or biologics and the hallmarks of cancer they target. All drug information obtained from National Cancer Institute Drug Dictionary [90].

Drug	Drug Class	Uses	Treatment Mechanism	Targeted Hallmark(s)
Paclitaxel	Plant alkaloid	Breast, ovarian, lung, bladder, prostate, melanoma, esophageal cancers	Mitotic inhibitor and microtubule inhibitor	Resisting cell death, and infinite replicative potential
Gemcitabine	Antimetabolite	Pancreatic, lung, bladder, breast, and ovarian cancers	Pyrimidine antagonist, inhibits cell division	Resisting cell death, and infinite replicative potential
Doxorubicin (DOX)	Anthracycline antitumor antibiotic	Leukima, breast, endometrial, gastric, head/neck, liver, kidney, ovarian, lung, and thyroid cancers	Acts during multiple phases of cell cycle to interact with DNA, inducing apoptosis	Resisting cell death, and infinite replicative potential
Daunorubicin	Anthracycline antitumor antibiotic	Leukemia, and lung cancer	Interacts with DNA in order to induce apoptosis and inhibits cell replication	Resisting cell death, and infinite replicative potential
6-mercatopurine	Antimetabolite	Lymphoma, and leukemia	Purine antagonist, interferes with the cell cycle	Resisting cell death, and infinite replicative potential
Irinotecan	Plant alkaloid	Colon, and rectal cancer	Topoisomerase inhibitor, effecting DNA and cell replication	Resisting cell death, and infinite replicative potential
Floxuridine	Antimetabolite	Colon, kidney, and stomach cancers	Pyrimidine antagonist, interferes with cell cycle	Resisting cell death, and infinite replicative potential
Bevacizumab	Monoclonal antibody	Colon, rectal, lung, and breast cancers	VEGF inhibitor, inhibits angiogenesis	Angiogenesis
Cabozantinib	Targeted therapy	Thyroid cancer	Inhibits tyrosine kinases, blocks pathways that promote cell division	Proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, and infinite replicative potential
Methotrexate	Antimetabolite	Leukemia, osteosarcoma, head/neck, lung, and stomach cancers	Causes folic acid deficiency which leads to cell death	Resisting cell death
Combretastatin A4	Vascular disrupting agent	Thyroid, ovarian, and lung cancers	Disrupts tumor vasculature, induces tumor necrosis	Angiogenesis, and resisting cell death
Verapamil	Calcium channel blocker	Hypertension, angina pectoris, and cardiac arrhthymia	Aids in silencing multi-drug resistance	Resisting cell death
17-AAG (tanespimycin)	Antitumor antibiotic	Leukemia, and kidney cancer	Inhibits the tumor promoting protein Hsp90	Evading growth suppressors, and proliferative signaling
Rapamycin	Macrolide	Lymphoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma	Enhances immune response to tumor targeting	Evading growth suppressors, and evading immune destruction
Wortmannin	Steroid metabolite	Ovarian, head/neck, cervical, and lung cancers	Inhibits cell survival signaling pathways	Proliferative signaling, and invasion and metastasis
Camptothecin (CPT)	Plant alkaloid	Colon, rectal cancers	Topoisomerase inhibitor, inhibits cell division	Resisting cell death, and infinite replicative potential
All-trans retinoic acid	Retinoid	Leukemia	Controls cell growth and differentiation	Evading growth suppressors, and infinite replicative potential