Table 1.

Results from the minimum adequate linear mixed models of relative size of red nuptial colour area (percentage of the total lateral body area) and body condition (mass‐standard length residuals) of male sticklebacks. Random effects: fish identity nested within growth tank and family

Fixed effects	Relative red area				Body condition
	Estimate ± SE	d.f.	t	P	Estimate ± SE	d.f.	t	P
Intercept	14·763 ± 2·109	1868	7·001	<0·001	5·262 ± 1·149	1866	4·579	<0·001
Treatment (warm)	−1·040 ± 0·355	80	−2·932	0·004	−0·622 ± 1·390	80	−0·447	0·656
Time	0·370 ± 0·045	1868	8·274	<0·001	−0·503 ± 0·037	1866	−13·508	<0·001
Time2	−0·025 ± 0·002	1868	−13·754	<0·001	0·005 ± 0·000	1866	13·058	<0·001
Hatching date	–			NSb	−			NS
Competition (strong)	−0·874 ± 0·221	1868	−3·959	<0·001	−			NS
Date of red (DR)a	−0·029 ± 0·006	95	−5·030	<0·001	−0·010 ± 0·003	94	−3·253	0·002
Treatment × time	0·059 ± 0·020	1868	2·885	0·004	0·201 ± 0·047	1866	4·233	<0·001
Treatment × time2	–			NS	−0·001 ± 0·001	1866	−2·229	0·026
Treatment × DR	–				0·001 ± 0·003	94	0·263	0·793
Time × DR	–				0·001 ± 0·000	1866	7·618	<0·001
Treatment × time × DR	–			NS	−0·000 ± 0·000	1866	−3·292	0·001

N = 2081 observations, N = 209 individuals.

^aDate at which red ornamentation was first detected.

^bNS, non‐significant.