Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics of the Sample (n = 35)
| Variable | Experimental group (n = 21) | Control group (n = 14) |
|---|---|---|
| Women, n (%) | 15 (71.4) | 13 (92.9) |
| Age (yr) | 52.7 ± 10.5 | 50.5 ± 8.6 |
| Hispanic or Latino, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (7.1) |
| Race, n (%) | ||
| White | 16 (76.2) | 12 (85.7) |
| Black/African American | 4 (19.0) | 2 (14.3) |
| Other | 1 (4.8) | 0 (0.0) |
| Relationship status, n (%) | ||
| Single | 10 (47.6) | 4 (28.6) |
| In a relationship/married | 11 (52.4) | 10 (71.4) |
| Education | ||
| High school/GED | 11 (52.4) | 10 (71.4) |
| College degree | 8 (38.1) | 3 (21.4) |
| Graduate degree | 2 (9.5) | 1 (7.1) |
| Current employment, n (%) | ||
| Employed | 6 (28.6) | 7 (50.0) |
| Unemployed | 6 (28.6) | 3 (21.4) |
| Homemaker | 4 (19.0) | 1 (7.1) |
| Retired | 5 (23.8) | 3 (21.4) |
| Gross individual income, n (%) | ||
| ≤$15,000 | 12 (57.1) | 11 (78.6) |
| $15,001–$30,000 | 6 (28.6) | 1 (7.1) |
| $30,001–-$45,000 | 1 (4.8) | 1 (7.1) |
| >$45,000 | 2 (9.5) | 1 (7.1) |
| Gross household income, n (%) | ||
| ≤$15,000 | 7 (33.3) | 4 (28.6) |
| $15,001–$30,000 | 7 (33.3) | 3 (21.4) |
| $30,001–$45,000 | 2 (9.5) | 1 (7.1) |
| >$45,000 | 5 (23.8) | 6 (42.9) |
| Averaged pain severity score | 6.3 ± 1.2 | 4.9 ± 1.1 |
| Oswestry Disability Index physical function, total score | 68.1 ± 9.3 | 64.5 ± 14.1 |
| Morphine-equivalent opioid dose (mg/d) | 166.9 ± 153.7 | 120.3 ± 76.9 |
Values expressed with a plus/minus sign are the mean ± standard deviation.
GED, general educational development.