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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Aug 19.
Published in final edited form as: Sci Transl Med. 2016 May 18;8(339):339ra71. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf2311

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Clinical use of imipenem-cilastatin and piperacillin-tazobactam is associated with increased GVHD-related mortality. (A to D) A retrospective cohort of 857 adult patients was identified who received non-T cell depleted allo-HSCT at our center from 1992 to 2015. (A) GVHD-related mortality in patients exposed to aztreonam, cefepime, imipenem-cilastatin or piperacillin-tazobactam. (B) Analyses of overall grade 2-4 GVHD are shown. (C) Analyses of upper GI grade 1 GVHD are shown. (D) Analyses of lower GI grade 1–4 GVHD are shown. (E) A subset of patients who had been treated for neutropenic fever was stratified according to whether they received first-line treatment with imipenem-cilastatin or piperacillin-tazobactam, versus aztreonam or cefepime. Outcomes indicated were depicted by Kaplan-Meier plots and curves compared by the logrank test. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01 in A–E. (F) Intestinal microbiota composition analysis using 16S rRNA sequencing prior to and after beginning treatment with the indicated antibiotics in allo-HSCT recipients. *, P < 0.05 after multiple comparison with Holm-Sidak correction.