Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants, Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (MCCS), 1990–2012
| Cases (N=379) | Non-cases (37,063) | Pa | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at baseline | Median (IQR) | 61.5 [55.5–65.8] | 54.4 [46.9–61.9] | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Sex | Male (%) | 290 (76%) | 13,420 (39%) | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Country of birth | Australia, NZ, UK | 218 (58%) | 23,390 (69%) | 0.001 |
| Northern Europe | 31 (8%) | 2,231 (7%) | ||
| Southern Europe | 130 (34%) | 8442 (25%) | ||
|
| ||||
| Education | Primary school | 109 (29%) | 6351 (19%) | 0.01 |
| Some high/technical school | 125 (33%) | 12908 (38%) | ||
| Completed high/technical school | 85 (23%) | 6991 (20%) | ||
| Degree/diploma | 60 (16%) | 7813 (23%) | ||
|
| ||||
| SEIFA | Q1 | 57 (15%) | 4766 (14%) | 0.84 |
| Q2 | 89 (24%) | 6928 (20%) | ||
| Q3 | 75 (20%) | 6266 (18%) | ||
| Q4 | 68 (18%) | 7109 (21%) | ||
| Q5 | 90 (23%) | 8994 (26%) | ||
|
| ||||
| Smoking | Never | 116 (31%) | 20156 (59%) | <0.001 |
| Former, quit ≥15 years | 98 (26%) | 4707 (14%) | ||
| Former, quit <15 years | 94 (24%) | 5416 (16%) | ||
| Current <20 cigs/day | 29 (8%) | 1784 (5%) | ||
| Current ≥20 cigs/day | 42 (11%) | 2000 (6%) | ||
|
| ||||
| Alcohol consumption | 0 | 91 (24%) | 10797 (32%) | <0.001 |
| 1–39 g/d (M), 1–19 g/d (F) | 219 (58%) | 18767 (55%) | ||
| 40–59 g/d (M), 20–39 g/d (F) | 41 (11%) | 3015 (9%) | ||
| 60+ g/d (M), 40+ g/d (F) | 28 (7%) | 1480 (4%) | ||
|
| ||||
| NSAIDs | None | 285 (81%) | 26803 (79%) | 0.85 |
| Aspirin only | 47 (11%) | 4084 (12%) | ||
| Other NSAID only | 40 (7%) | 2592 (8%) | ||
| Both aspirin and other NSAID | 7 (2%) | 584 (2%) | ||
|
| ||||
| Physical activity score | Median (IQR) | 4.0 [0.0–5.5] | 4.0 [1.5–5.5] | 0.19 |
|
| ||||
| BMI | Median (IQR) | 26.9 [24.6–29.8] | 26.2 [23.7–29.1] | 0.10 |
|
| ||||
| AHEI-2010 | Median (IQR) | 62.5[54.5–70.5] | 64.5 [57.0–72.0] | 0.001 |
|
| ||||
| MDS | Median (IQR) | 5 [4–6] | 5 [4–6] | 0.91 |
|
| ||||
| DII | Median (IQR) | −0.84 [−2.05–0.61] | −0.98[−2.14–0.40] | 0.04 |
|
| ||||
| Tumour subtype | Invasive | 165 (44%) | ||
| Superficial | 214 (56%) | |||
| Age at diagnosis | Median (IQR) | 73.8 [66.6–78.0] | ||
IQR = interquartile range, SEIFA: Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas, NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, BMI: body-mass index (in kg/m2), AHEI-2010: Alternate Healthy Eating Index 2010, MDS: Mediterranean Diet Score, DII: Dietary inflammatory Index
a
p-values from likelihood ratio tests comparing age-adjusted Cox models with and without the variable (except for the variable age, for which a Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used)