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. 2016 Aug 17;7:12330. doi: 10.1038/ncomms12330

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

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(a) Extent of recording sites within the CN, image adapted from ref. 43. Boxes represent the dorso-ventral path travelled by the electrodes and medio-lateral spread of the electrode bundle. (b–d) Onset of compound presentation indicated with 0 ms on x-axis. (b) Normalized neural firing of the reward-responsive population (65 cells) averaged across the 16 trials of the compound probe phase, shadings indicate the s.e.m. for each condition. (c) A graphical representation of the temporal resolution of a single trial. (d) Normalized neural firing across the 16 trials of the compound probe for two representative single neurons. (e) Normalized neural firing for the reward-responsive population during the 9 s of compound presentation across four-trial blocks during the compound probe session. Neural firing to the overexpectation compound is greater compared with the Control compound during the early but not late trials. Neural firing to the omission compound is similar to that of the control compound during the early trials but lower during the late trials. Error bars=s.e.m. (f) Distributions of difference indices (early-late trials) for overexpectation (blue, left panel), omission (red, middle panel) and control (black, right panel). The distributions were right shifted for the overexpectation and omission but not control compounds. (g) Neural firing for reward-responsive population to the 9 s of cue presentation across trials during test for each of the auditory cues. A two-way repeated measures analysis of variance revealed an effect of cue (F(2,70)=4.6, P=0.01), an effect of trials (F(3,105)=6.3, P<0.01) showing an overall decline in neural firing, but this was not dependent on cue as evidenced by a lack of interaction (F(6,210)=1.2, P=0.34). Neural firing was greater to the Control cue compared with the overexpectation and omission cues, post hoc comparison test reported in the main text. (h) Distribution of difference indices (from control) during the early trials (trials 1 and 2) for overexpectation (blue, left panel) and omission (red, right panel). Both distributions were shifted to the left.