Table 3.

Proteomic and Serum Biomarkers

Biomarker	Type	AMD Assessment	Level (% higher than control plasma)	Odds Ratio	P. Value	Sensitivity, Specificity (%)	References
CRP	Systemic inflammatory marker	Prognosis Higher risk CNV	Elevated	2.6	.046–.06	NA	(Kikuchi et al., 2007; Seddon et al., 2010a; Seddon et al., 2005)
CEP, CEP autoantibody titers	End product of lipid oxidation	Diagnosis CNV	Elevated in plasma 60%, 30%	3.17	<0.001	73,65	(Ebrahem et al., 2006; Ni et al., 2009a; Ni et al., 2009b)
CML	Advanced glycation end products	Diagnosis	54%	6.3	<0.0001	84,72	(Ni et al., 2009b)
Pentosidine	Advanced glycation end products	Diagnosis	64%	10.6	<0.0001	84,88	(Ni et al., 2009b)
VEGF	Protein stimulates the growth of new blood vessels	Prognosis (neovascular form)	Elevated	NA	0.019	NA	(Lip et al., 2001; Tsai et al., 2006)
IL-6	Inflammatory marker	Prognosis	Elevated (AMD progression)	NA	0.02 –0.03	NA	(Seddon et al., 2005)
IP-10	Chemokine	Diagnosis	Elevated intermediate dry AMD	NA	NA	NA	(Zhang and Marmorstein, 2010)
Fibrinogen level	Plasma glycoprotein	Prognosis	Elevated	6.7	0.0001	NA	(Lip et al., 2001; Smith et al., 1998)
Homocysteine	Amino acid in the blood	Diagnosis Prognosis	Elevated	1.6	.001	NA	(Seddon et al., 2006)