Table 2.

Soaring–gliding decision-making at different movement phenomena based on the low-resolution dataset collected in Israel. Vultures made different decisions during long-range movements and home-range foraging as indicated by the strongest effect movement phenomena have on each of the dependent variables. The estimates and t-Wald values for the different effects on the response variables (Y; columns) were modelled using GLMMs with individual's identity and time of day as random factors. Model fitted was Y approximately 0 + (1 | individual) + (1 | time) + movement phenomena + age + sex + altitude. N = 11 332 observations from 38 birds. The reference categories were home range for movement phenomena, juveniles for age and females for sex. Significance codes are: n.s., not significant, *0.01–0.05, **0.001–0.01, ***<0.001. For full model results, see electronic supplementary material, S3.

fixed effects	soaring–gliding efficiency		flapping activity		RAFI
	estimate	t-Wald	estimate	t-Wald	estimate	t-Wald
movement phenomena	1.10	21.3***	−2.02	−3.9***	−0.49	10.5***
age	0.28	2.6**	−0.74	−6.3***	0.16	8.5***
sex	0.15	1.3 n.s.	−0.24	−1 n.s.	0.01	0.3 n.s.
flight altitude	0.59	19.1***	−0.09	−1.7 n.s.	−0.07	−11.7***