Table 3.

Soaring–gliding decision-making during inbound and outbound flights (movement phase) based on the high-resolution dataset collected in Israel and France. The estimates and t-Wald values for the different effects were obtained using GLMMs for the response variables (columns) with an individual identity and time of day as random factors (flapping activity is based on the Israel dataset only). Competing models were ranked with AIC and only predictions that were included in the best fitted model are presented. n = 615 observations from 21 birds. Significance codes are: n.s., not significant, *0.01–0.05, **0.001–0.01, ***<0.001. The reference categories were outbound flights for movement phase, juveniles for age and females for sex. For full model results and model comparison, see electronic supplementary material, S4.

fixed effects	soaring–gliding efficiency		flapping activity		RAFI
	estimate	t-Wald	estimate	z-Wald	estimate	t-Wald
movement phase	0.20	12.2***	0.26	−3.5**	−0.13	3.6***
breeding					−0.01	−0.2 n.s.
age	−0.04	−1.8 n.s.	−0.2	−0.2 n.s.	0.07	3.9***
sex	−0.01	−0.5 n.s.			−0.04	−0.2 n.s.
flight altitude	0.11	7.3***	−0.13	0.2 n.s.	−0.05	−2.9**
tailwind					−0.38	−26.2***
side wind					−0.07	−5.3***
wind variance	−0.02	1.6 n.s.			0.04	2.8**
marginal/conditional R2	0.07/0.11		0.44/0.50		0.47/0.57