Table 2.

The effect of stem cell derived EVs on the immune system.

Cell source	Target cell	EVs effect	References
Human ASCs	T-lymphocytes	Down-regulation of T-cells proliferation	Blazquez et al., 2014
Human BM-MSCs	T-lymphocytes	Immuno-suppression through A2A receptor	Amarnath et al., 2015
Human BM-MSCs	T-lymphocytes	T regulatory cells increase	Del Fattore et al., 2015
		Increased release of IL-10
Human BM-MSCs	B-lymphocytes	Down-regulation of B-cells proliferation	Conforti et al., 2014
		Down-regulation of B-cells differentiation
		Inhibition of IgM, IgG and IgA production
Human ESC-derived MSCs	Activated murine splenocytes	Splenocytes proliferation down-regulation	Zhang, 2014
		Switch to an M2-macrophage like phenotype
		Increase of T regulatory cells in vivo
Human BM-MSCs	PBMCs from type 1 diabetes patient	Down-regulation of Th1 mediated response	Favaro et al., 2014
		T regulatory cells increase
		Th17 cells decrease
Human BM-MSCs	Monocyte-derived DCs	Induction of regulatory DCs phenotype with inhibition of T-cell dependent immune response	Favaro et al., 2016
Human BM-MSCs	PBMCs, MSCs, NKs, B, and T-cells	Inhibition of NKs and B-cell proliferation	Di Trapani et al., 2016
		Increase of MSCs immunosuppressive properties

BM, Bone Marrow; MSCs, Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells; ESCs, Embryonic Stem Cells; PBMCs, Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells; ASCs, Adipose Stem Cells; DCs, Dendritic cells.