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. 2016 Oct 6;6(5):20160043. doi: 10.1098/rsfs.2016.0043

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© 2016 The Author(s)

Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.

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Figure 4. — Bending through differences in cell-wall viscosity. (a) Initial artificial geometry with five files of cells. The uppermost file has (grey) lower viscosity () relative to the other cells (blue, ). The discretized midline is overlaid with black lines between red and blue boundaries indicating cross-sectional orientations. (b) Same geometry as (a) but with midline offset from centre of the organ. (c) Simulation at . Length (d) and tip angle (e), with midline at the organ centre (red) or offset (black with diamonds). (f,g) Comparison of midline (red) and vertex-element (black with diamonds) simulations (based on [11]). Scale bar, .

Inline graphic — Bending through differences in cell-wall viscosity. (a) Initial artificial geometry with five files of cells. The uppermost file has (grey) lower viscosity () relative to the other cells (blue, ). The discretized midline is overlaid with black lines between red and blue boundaries indicating cross-sectional orientations. (b) Same geometry as (a) but with midline offset from centre of the organ. (c) Simulation at . Length (d) and tip angle (e), with midline at the organ centre (red) or offset (black with diamonds). (f,g) Comparison of midline (red) and vertex-element (black with diamonds) simulations (based on [11]). Scale bar, .