Table 5.

¹H NMR results for the bitumen before and after PPA modification.

Segment	Chemical shift (ppm)	Hydrogen type	Bit1	Bit1 + PPA	Bit2	Bit2 + PPA	Bit3	Bit3 + PPA	Bit4	Bit4 + PPA	Bit5	Bit5 + PPA	Bit6	Bit6 + PPA	Bit7	Bit7 + PPA
			%						%
1	0.5–1.0	γ CH3, some naphthenic CH and CH2	16.89 ± 0.22	17.09 ± 0.12	16.82 ± 0.04	17.45 ± 0.01	17.45 ± 0.18	17.67 ± 0.07	17.13 ± 0.24	17.36 ± 0.13	16.87 ± 0.08	17.56 ± 0.06	17.35 ± 0.10	17.83 ± 0.12	17.42 ± 0.08	17.80 ± 0.19
2	1.0–1.7	β CH2 and some β CH	50.21 ± 0.03	50.53 ± 0.08	50.56 ± 0.11	50.92 ± 0.20	53.26 ± 0.16	53.47 ± 0.16	50.92 ± 0.09	51.31 ± 0.25	51.12 ± 0.16	51.48 ± 0.16	53.63 ± 0.23	53.66 ± 0.06	54.98 ± 0.22	54.73 ± 0.18
3	1.7–1.9	Most CH and CH2 in β positions	4.30 ± 0.02	4.20 ± 0.02	4.33 ± 0.03	4.18 ± 0.02	4.24 ± 0.06	4.14 ± 0.00	4.21 ± 0.06	4.15 ± 0.04	4.31 ± 0.03	4.13 ± 0.03	4.23 ± 0.05	4.10 ± 0.04	4.08 ± 0.02	4.03 ± 0.06
4	1.9–2.1	α CH3 in olefins	2.35 ± 0.01	2.27 ± 0.02	2.35 ± 0.03	2.23 ± 0.01	2.29 ± 0.05	2.23 ± 0.01	2.27 ± 0.05	2.24 ± 0.03	2.33 ± 0.02	2.20 ± 0.02	2.28 ± 0.04	2.19 ± 0.03	2.20 ± 0.03	2.16 ± 0.05
5	2.1–2.4	α CH3 in aromatic carbons	4.19 ± 0.03	4.07 ± 0.02	4.15 ± 0.02	3.97 ± 0.02	3.77 ± 0.04	3.65 ± 0.01	3.99 ± 0.04	3.97 ± 0.04	4.06 ± 0.02	3.89 ± 0.02	3.73 ± 0.01	3.61 ± 0.02	3.52 ± 0.01	3.42 ± 0.01
6	2.4–3.5	α CH and CH2 in aromatic carbons	11.97 ± 0.09	11.8 ± 0.10	11.95 ± 0.08	11.55 ± 0.06	10.51 ± 0.13	10.38 ± 0.06	11.57 ± 0.11	11.37 ± 0.04	11.68 ± 0.03	11.27 ± 0.07	10.42 ± 0.10	10.22 ± 0.05	9.78 ± 0.07	9.74 ± 0.10
7	3.5–4.5	Bridging CH2	1.11 ± 0.04	1.09 ± 0.07	1.11 ± 0.06	1.00 ± 0.03	1.02 ± 0.09	1.04 ± 0.03	1.14 ± 0.07	1.01 ± 0.07	1.12 ± 0.06	0.99 ± 0.04	1.02 ± 0.10	1.01 ± 0.05	0.97 ± 0.08	1.01 ± 0.08
8	4.5–6.0	Olefins	0.07 ± 0.02	0.10 ± 0.03	0.04 ± 0.03	0.07 ± 0.01	0.06 ± 0.06	0.09 ± 0.02	0.11 ± 0.03	0.07 ± 0.03	0.06 ± 0.06	0.06 ± 0.02	0.05 ± 0.08	0.09 ± 0.02	0.04 ± 0.07	0.14 ± 0.09
9	6.0–7.2	Monoaromatics	2.87 ± 0.10	2.68 ± 0.19	2.83 ± 0.17	2.75 ± 0.05	2.54 ± 0.12	2.34 ± 0.10	2.70 ± 0.08	2.76 ± 0.04	2.72 ± 0.10	2.63 ± 0.16	2.49 ± 0.13	2.31 ± 0.19	2.36 ± 0.11	2.25 ± 0.08
10	7.2–8.3	Diaromatics and some tri- and tetra-aromatics	5.23 ± 0.02	5.25 ± 0.05	5.11 ± 0.06	5.10 ± 0.05	4.20 ± 0.02	4.26 ± 0.03	5.11 ± 0.05	4.99 ± 0.08	4.97 ± 0.06	4.98 ± 0.07	4.12 ± 0.06	4.24 ± 0.02	3.97 ± 0.05	4.01 ± 0.08
11	8.3–8.9	Some tri- and tetra-aromatics	0.67 ± 0.01	0.71 ± 0.04	0.64 ± 0.04	0.66 ± 0.03	0.55 ± 0.02	0.61 ± 0.01	0.71 ± 0.03	0.65 ± 0.05	0.64 ± 0.04	0.67 ± 0.04	0.53 ± 0.04	0.61 ± 0.02	0.53 ± 0.03	0.59 ± 0.02
12	8.9–9.3	Some tetra-aromatics	0.12 ± 0.01	0.14 ± 0.02	0.10 ± 0.02	0.11 ± 0.01	0.10 ± 0.01	0.13 ± 0.00	0.14 ± 0.01	0.12 ± 0.02	0.11 ± 0.02	0.12 ± 0.02	0.10 ± 0.02	0.13 ± 0.01	0.10 ± 0.02	0.12 ± 0.01