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Importance of pyrophosphate cycling and Acs1 in the bioenergetics of S. aciditrophicus. Pyrophosphate formed during substrate activation or during biosynthesis is used to make ATP by Acs1. Additional pyrophosphate needed for the Acs1 reaction can be made by membrane-bound pyrophosphatases (red) using ion gradients formed by glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase (blue) or ATP synthase (yellow).
