Figure 1.

At least four scales need to be addressed for knocking‐in a new functionality within a pre‐existing ecological web: (A) the ecosystem level, characterized by interactions among species (S, H), external inputs/resources (R) in a biogeochemical context e.g. CO₂, N₂ and P availability. (B) the pair‐wise species interplay level, which may encompass transactions between actors of different kingdoms (microbial, plants, animals), specially mutualistic interactions, the components of which can be affected positively and negatively by external signals (M), water (W) being paramount in the whole setup. (C) the genetic, epigenetic and biochemical circuit level that rules the behaviour of single‐species following a logic network (the logicome) and (D) the specific DNA sequence necessary to make the biological or chemical activity of interest happen (Solé, 2015).