Table 3.
Summary of Results from OLS Regressions of the Highest Grade Completed by Age 21/22 on Average of Middle Childhood Academic and Behavior Problems
| Standardized predictor variables averaged across middle childhood |
Bivariate (4 separate bivariate regressions) |
Concurrent problems and full set of covariates | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full sample | Siblings only | ||||
| OLS | Errors-in- Variables Regressions& |
OLS | Sibling FE | ||
| Math | .74*** (.02) |
.27*** (.04) |
.27*** (.04) |
.26*** (.04) |
.16** (.05) |
| Reading | .71*** (.02) |
.18*** (.03) |
.18*** (.03) |
.18*** (.04) |
.11* (.05) |
| Anti-social | −.53*** (.02) |
−.19*** (.03) |
−.32** (.07) |
−.17*** (.03) |
−.17*** (.04) |
| Hyperactivity | −.48*** (.02) |
−.02 (.03) |
.08 (.07) |
−.04 (.03) |
−.06 (.04) |
| Controls Included? | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Observations | 4931 | 4931 | 4931 | 4581 | 4581 |
Notes. Standard errors in parentheses.
p < 0.10,
p < 0.05,
p < 0.01,
p < 0.001.
Full set of controls include: Race (Black, Hispanic), Female, Fraction of years between birth and age 5 of poverty status, mother’s marital status (divorced, separated, or widowed; never married), urban residence, child’s PPVT score at age 5/6, child’s sociability score at age 5/6, HOME score at age 5/6, urban residence at age 5/6, mother’s highest level of education at age 5/6, poverty status at age 5/6, mother’s marital status at age 5/6 (divorced, separated, or widowed; never married), mother’s age at birth of child, mother’s AFQT score, mother ever fought, mother ever stole, mother’s substance use composite. Missing data were handled using multiple imputation.
Reliabilities for anti-social and hyperactivity were adjusted from 1.00 to 0.80.