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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Sep 15.
Published in final edited form as: Mol Psychiatry. 2016 Mar 15;21(9):1232–1243. doi: 10.1038/mp.2016.15

Figure 2. Overexpression of DISC1 impairs olfactory associative memory in fruit fly larvae.

Figure 2

A. Olfactory associative training and memory performance test of fruit fly larvae. For associative olfactory training, larvae were placed on 2.5% agar plate spread either with 1M sucrose or with distilled water (control), and exposed for 30 min to an odorant (linalool) spotted on a filter disk attached to the lid. Larvae were then transferred to the center of an olfactory test plate. A small filter disc spotted with the test odorant was placed on one side of the plate, and a control disc was placed on the opposite side. The numbers of animals which had moved into the semicircular areas were counted after 3 min. Response index (RI) was calculated as indicated. Typically, 50–100 larvae were used for a single olfactory response test.

B. Olfactory memory performance of DISC1 and control larvae. Memory performance was measured as increment in the olfactory response to the test odor. RI ratio (SUC/DW) = 1.0 corresponds to no learning. DISC1 was expressed in the larval MB neurons by a GAL4 driver, 201Y. Associative memory was suppressed in FL-6-3/201Y and FL-6-6/201Y, two independent DISC1-expressing stocks. ***p < 0.001 with one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s post hoc test, n = 14 ~25.

C. Olfactory memory performance of mutant DISC1 larvae. Associative memory was suppressed in larvae expressing 1-597/201Y and 46-854/201Y but not 291-854/201Y. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 with one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s post hoc test, n = 11 ~32.