Table 2.
Summary of drug mechanisms and anti-ZIKV activity*
| Drugs | Known mechanism | HuH-7 | HeLa | JEG3 | hNSC | HAEC | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Auranofin | Inhibits thioredoxin reductase |
Yes¶ | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | (Madeira et al., 2012) |
| Azathioprine | Inhibits purine synthesis | Yes | Yes | No | N.D. | No | (Lennard, 1992) |
| Bortezomib | Proteasome inhibitor | Yes | N.D. | N.D. | Yes | N.D. | (Adams et al., 1999) |
| Clofazimine | Unknown (anti-microbial) | Yes | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | |
| Cyclosporine A | Cyclophilin inhibitor | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | (Qing et al., 2009) |
| Dactinomycin | Transcription inhibitor | Yes | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | (Sobell, 1985) |
| Daptomycin | Unknown (anti-microbial) | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | |
| Deferasirox | Chelator of intracellular iron |
Yes | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | (Torti and Torti, 2013) |
| Digoxin | Na+K+ ATPase inhibitor; impacts calcium signaling |
Yes | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | (Prassas and Diamandis, 2008) |
| Fingolimod | Sphingosine-1-phophate receptor modulator |
Yes | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | (Spiegel and Milstien, 2011) |
| Gemcitabine HCl |
Nucleoside analogue; blocks DNA replication |
Yes | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | (Hertel et al., 1990) |
| Ivermectin | Unknown (anti parasitic); interferes with flaviviruses via inhibiting viral protein function |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | (Mastrangelo et al., 2012; Wagstaff et al., 2012) |
| Mebendazole | Unknown (anti helminthic) |
Yes | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | |
| Mefloquine HCl | (Anti-parasitic) Disrupts autophagy, possibly disrupts lysosomal pH |
Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | (Geng et al., 2010; Poole and Ohkuma, 1981) |
| Mercaptopurine Hydrate |
Inhibits purine synthesis | Yes | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | (Lennard, 1992) |
| Methoxsalen | DNA synthesis inhibitor | Yes | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | (Parrish et al., 1974) |
| Micafungin | Unknown (anti-fungal) | Yes | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | |
| Mycophenolate Mofetil |
Prodrug of mycophenolic acid |
Yes | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | |
| Mycophenolic Acid |
Inosine-5′- monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | (Diamond et al., 2002) |
| Palonosetron HCl |
5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptor antagonist |
Yes | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | (Navari, 2015) |
| Pyrimethamine | Dihydrofolate reductase antagonist |
Yes | Yes | No | N.D. | No | (Schweitzer et al., 1990) |
| Sertraline HCl | Selective serotonin re- uptake inhibitor |
Yes | No | No | No | Yes | (Koe et al., 1983) |
| Sorafenib Tosylate |
Multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
Yes | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | (Wilhelm et al., 2006) |
| Thioguanine | Inhibits purine synthesis | Yes | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | (Lennard, 1992) |
*
Validated at P = <0.05 with >50% inhibition of infection rate = Yes, Not validated = No. Not done = N.D.
¶
Borderline effect.