Table 3. Phenotypic analysis of F2 offspring of grandparents (F0 mothers and fathers) that were fed a high fat (HFD) or control diet for 14 weeks.
| Male |
Female |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Maternal grandfather | Maternal grandmother | Paternal grandfather | Paternal grandmother | Control | Maternal grandfather | Maternal grandmother | Paternal grandfather | Paternal grandmother | p | |
| N (litters) | 14 (7) | 8 (4) | 8 (4) | 10 (5) | 10 (5) | 14 (7) | 8 (4) | 8 (4) | 10 (5) | 10 (5) | |
| Body size | |||||||||||
| Weight (g) | 416 ± 5.2 | 448 ± 13.4 | 446 ± 8.8 | 412 ± 11.4 | 433 ± 9.5 | 268 ± 7.6 | 277 ± 5.4 | 269 ± 7.5 | 262 ± 5.9 | 271 ± 5.3 | 0.124 |
| Length (cm) | 23.3 ± 0.1 | 23.5 ± 0.2 | 23.5 ± 0.2 | 22.8 ± 0.1 | 23.4 ± 0.2 | 21.1 ± 0.2 | 20.9±0.1 | 21.0 ± 0.2 | 20.7 ± 0.2 | 21.1 ± 0.2 | 0.613 |
| Organ weights | |||||||||||
| Liver/bw (mg/g) | 43.2 ± 0.8 | 40.8 ± 0.5 | 42.3 ± 1.4 | 42.8 ± 1.2 | 44.4 ± 1.4 | 38.9 ± ± 0.9 | 37.0 ± 1.5 | 34.3 ± 1.5 | 38.4 ± 1.4 | 37.6 ± 1.1 | 0.24 |
| Pancreas/bw (mg/g) | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 3.5 ± 0.1 | 3.5 ± 0.2 | 3.8 ± 0.4 | 4.0 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 0.007 |
| Adiposity | |||||||||||
| Retroperitoneal fat/bw (mg/g) | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 6.6 ± 0.5 | 5.1 ± .4 | 6.3 ± ± 0.5 | 6.1 ± 0.4 | 4.1 ± 0.5 | 3.6 ± 0.2 | 3.9 ± 0.7 | 4.9 ± 0.3 | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 0.003 |
| Gonad fat/bw(mg/g) | 6.6 ± 0.3 | 8.4 ± 0.6* | 7.0 ± 0.2 | 7.9 ± 0.5 | 6.9 ± 0.4 | 5.9 ± 0.5 | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 5.9 ± ± 0.4 | 6.3 ± 0.4 | 6.3 ± 0.5 | 0.017 |
| Adiposity index (mg/g) | 18.0 ± 1.0 | 23.4 ± 1.7 | 19.0 ± 0.7 | 22.0 ± 1.3 | 19.9 ± 1.0 | 16.0 ± 1.3 | 14.0 ± 0.6 | 15.7 ± 1.3 | 17.4 ± 0.9 | 17.8 ± 1.2 | 0.012 |
| Biochemistry | |||||||||||
| Insulin AUC (μg/l.min) | 90.2 ± 10.7 | 148.7 ± 18.2* | 104.0 ± 7.1 | 119.0 ± 13.3 | 128.5 ± 18.6 | 60.3 ± 7.4 | 86.2 ± 16.2 | 48.4 ± 2.9 | 103.3 ± 8.4 | 72.0 ± 11.9 | 0.016 |
| Glucose AUC (mM.min) | 964 ± 18.5 | 904 ± 6.6 | 947 ± 36.5 | 954 ± 10.7 | 966 ± 6.4 | 947 ± 24.1 | 931 ± 18.9 | 921 ± 27.7 | 1146 ± 13.4 | 978 ± 9.1 | 0.15 |
| Leptin (ng/ml) | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 5.0 ± 0.8 | 3.3 ± 0.2 | 3.6 ± 0.5 | 2.9 ± 0.4 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 0.001 |
| Cholesterol (mM) | 1.08 ± 0.03 | 1.16 ± 0.05 | 1.03 ± 0.07 | 1.18 ± 0.05 | 1.03 ± 0.04 | 1.02 ± 0.04 | 1.10 ± 0.08 | 1.06 ± 0.06 | 1.25 ± 0.06 | 1.08 ± 0.07 | 0.474 |
| Triglycerides (mM) | 1.08 ± 0.05 | 1.3 ± 0.189 | 1.54 ± ± 0.13 | 1.16 ± 0.10 | 1.27 ± 0.12 | 0.82 ± 0.05 | 0.78 ± 0.04 | 1.21 ± 0.12 | 0.83 ± 0.07 | 1.14 ± 0.13 | 0.106 |
| Reproduction | |||||||||||
| LH (ng/ml) | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.7 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 0.250^ | |||||
| Testosterone(ng/ml) | 8.5 ± 0.5 | 6.1 ± 0.8 | 8.6 ± 1.4 | 8.7 ± 1.4 | 7.80 ± 0.6 | 0.270^ | |||||
| LH:T ratio | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.21 ± 0.04 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.13 ± 0.04 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.017^ | |||||
| Penis Length (mm) | 12.1 ± 0.1 | 12.3 ± 0.2 | 12.5 ± 0.2 | 12.3 ± 0.2 | 12.3 ± 0.1 | 0.614^ | |||||
| Sperm count (106) | 6.0±12 | 36.3 ± 7.5 | 22.4 ± 7.3 | 33.2 ± 8.8 | 23.3 ± ± 7.7 | 0.629^ | |||||
| AGD (mm) | 48.6 ± 0.7 | 49.5 ± 0.9 | 49.9 ± 1.1 | 47.8 ± 0.8 | 50.9 ± 0.6 | 21.3 ± 0.5 | 23.1±0.2 | 21.7 ± ± 0.4 | 22.4 ± 0.4 | 22.7 ± 0.4 | 0.121 |
Data are derived from post-mortem dissection at 19 weeks of age. Biochemical data derives from 09.00 fasting plasma obtained during glucose tolerance testing at 17 weeks of age. Data was analysed by linear mixed model with group and sex as fixed factors and litter as a random factor with post hoc Bonferroni analysis. Comparing groups within each sex, values significantly different (p < 0.05) from control are shown in bold.
*Indicates different only with least significant difference analysis (not taking multiple testing into account). ^Indicates sex not used as a fixed factor as data only available for males.