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. 2016 Aug 23;20(1):265. doi: 10.1186/s13054-016-1449-4

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© The Author(s). 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 3 — Effect of NIV with a helmet on the gas exchange and respiratory rate. The helmet NIV group represents patients receiving NIV with a helmet, the control group represent patients receiving NIV with mask or oxygen therapy with mask. Vertical solid line null effect, boxes and horizontal lines outcome in the corresponding study and 95 % CI, filled rhombic boxes overall effect size. a Effect of NIV with a helmet on oxygenation; b effect of NIV a with helmet on pH; c effect of NIV with a helmet on PaCO₂; d effect of NIV with a helmet on respiratory rate. CI confidence interval, IV inverse variance method, NIV noninvasive ventilation, PaCO ₂ partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood, P/F the ratio of partial pressure of oxygenation in arterial blood to fraction of inspired oxygenation, SD standard deviation,