Table 1.

Variables used to measure marginalization dimensions, with hypothesized sign of loadings

ID	Indicator	Hypothesized loading sign
Residential instability
1	% of living alone (R1)	+
2	% of youth population aged 5–15 (R2)	−
3	Crowding: average number of persons per dwelling (R3)	−
4	% of multi-unit housing (R4)	+
5	% of the population that is married/common-law (R5)	−
6	% of dwellings that are owned (R6)	−
7	% of residential mobility (same house as 5 years ago) (R7)	+
Material deprivation
8	% 25+ without certificate, diploma, or degree (M1)	+
9	% of lone-parent families (M2)	+
10	% of government transfer payment (M3)	+
11	% of unemployment 15+ (M4)	+
12	% of below low income cut-off (M5)	+
13	% of homes needing major repair (M6)	+
Dependency
14	% of seniors (65+) (D1)	+
15	Dependency ratio [(0–14) + (65+)]/(15–64) (D2)	+
16	Labor force participation rate (aged 15+) (D3)	−
Ethnic concentration
17	% of 5-year recent immigrants (E1)	+
18	% of visible minority (E2)	+