Table 2.
Prevalence of socioeconomic and lifestyle characteristics for being overweight or obese based on BMI and PBF by gender
| BMI (kg/m2) | PBF (%) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | Men | Women | Men | |||||
| Variable | Controls* | Cases+ | Controls* | Cases+ | Controls* | Cases+ | Controls* | Cases+ |
| (N = 207) | (N = 204) | (N = 81) | (N = 219) | (N = 207) | (N = 204) | (N = 49) | (N = 251) | |
| Age group | ||||||||
| 40–49 | 126 (59.4) | 94 (47.2) | 34 (42) | 107 (42) | 132 (63.8) | 88 (43.1) | 25 (51) | 116 (46.2) |
| 50–59 | 69 (32.6) | 79 (39.7) | 31 (38.3) | 80 (38.3) | 67 (32.4) | 81 (39.7) | 17 (34.7) | 94 (37.5) |
| ≥ 60 | 17 (8) | 26 (13.1) | 16 (19.8) | 32 (19.8) | 8 (3.9) | 35 (17.2) | 7 (14.3) | 41 (16.3) |
| p = 0.01 | p = 0.21 | p < 0.0001 | p = 0.55 | |||||
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Unmarried | 5 (2.4) | 5 (2.6) | 3 (3.8) | 5 (2.3) | 5 (2.5) | 5 (2.5) | 1 (2) | 7 (2.9) |
| Married | 191 (92.3) | 176 (90.7) | 74 (92.5) | 203 (94.4) | 187 (92.6) | 180 (90.5) | 45 (91.8) | 232 (94.3) |
| Divorced/Widow/Widower | 11 (5.3) | 13 (6.7) | 3 (3.8) | 7 (3.3) | 10 (5) | 14 (7) | 3 (6.1) | 7 (2.9) |
| p = 0.67 | p = 0.79 | p = 0.48 | p = 0.29 | |||||
| Educational level | ||||||||
| Low | 89 (42) | 111 (55.8) | 36 (44.4) | 93 (42.5) | 89 (43) | 111 (54.4) | 23 (46.9) | 106 (42.2) |
| Middle | 110 (51.9) | 81 (40.7) | 40 (49.4) | 96 (43.8) | 104 (50.2) | 87 (42.7) | 22 (44.9) | 114 (45.4) |
| High | 13 (6.1) | 7 (3.5) | 5 (6.2) | 30 (13.7) | 14 (6.8) | 6 (2.9) | 4 (8.2) | 31 (12.4) |
| p = 0.005 | p = 0.28 | p = 0.01 | p = 0.40 | |||||
| Income (US$/Month) | ||||||||
| < 2,000 | 12 (6.6) | 9 (5.1) | 4 (5) | 14 (6.9) | 11 (6.1) | 10 (5.6) | 2 (4.1) | 16 (6.8) |
| 2,000-3,000 | 8 (4.4) | 10 (5.6) | 5 (6.3) | 12 (5.9) | 7 (3.9) | 11 (6.2) | 2 (4.1) | 15 (6.4) |
| ≥ 3,000 | 162 (89) | 159 (89.3) | 71 (88.8) | 178 (87.3) | 163 (90.1) | 158 (88.3) | 45 (91.8) | 204 (86.8) |
| p = 0.73 | p = 0.63 | p = 0.81 | p = 0.35 | |||||
| Smoking | ||||||||
| Non-smoker | 207 (97.6) | 189 (95) | 25 (30.9) | 61 (27.9) | 202 (97.6) | 194 (95.1) | 15 (30.6) | 71 (28.3) |
| Smoker | 5 (2.4) | 10 (5) | 56 (69.1) | 158 (72.2) | 5 (2.4) | 10 (4.9) | 34 (69.4) | 180 (71.7) |
| p = 0.24 | p = 0.71 | p = 0.28 | p = 0.88 | |||||
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||||
| Non-drinking | 151 (71.2) | 133 (66.8) | 14 (17.3) | 40 (18.3) | 146 (70.5) | 138 (67.7) | 10 (20.4) | 44 (17.5) |
| Drinking | 61 (28.8) | 66 (33.2) | 67 (82.7) | 179 (81.7) | 61 (29.5) | 66 (32.4) | 39 (79.6) | 207 (82.5) |
| p = 0.39 | p = 0.98 | p = 0.60 | p = 0.78 | |||||
| Working hours | ||||||||
| < 9 h/day | 193 (93.7) | 169 (86.7) | 47 (58.8) | 146 (67.6) | 189 (93.6) | 173 (86.9) | 29 (60.4) | 164 (66.1) |
| ≥ 9 h/day | 13 (6.3) | 26 (13.3) | 33 (41.3) | 70 (32.4) | 13 (6.4) | 26 (13.1) | 19 (39.6) | 84 (33.9) |
| p = 0.03 | p = 0.20 | p = 0.04 | p = 0.55 | |||||
| Occupational sitting time | ||||||||
| < 4 h/day | 152 (71.7) | 132 (66.3) | 28 (34.6) | 74 (33.8) | 149 (72) | 135 (66.2) | 14 (28.6) | 88 (35.1) |
| ≥ 4 h/day | 60 (28.3) | 67 (33.7) | 53 (65.4) | 145 (66.2) | 58 (28) | 69 (33.8) | 35 (71.4) | 163 (64.9) |
| p = 0.28 | p = 1.00 | p = 0.24 | p = 0.48 | |||||
| Regular exercise | ||||||||
| No | 89 (42.4) | 73 (36.9) | 34 (42.5) | 84 (38.7) | 79 (38.5) | 83 (40.9) | 19 (38.8) | 99 (39.9) |
| Yes | 121 (57.6) | 125 (63.1) | 46 (57.5) | 133 (61.3) | 126 (61.5) | 120 (59.1) | 30 (61.2) | 149 (60.1) |
| p = 0.30 | p = 0.65 | p = 0.70 | p = 1.00 | |||||
| Sleeping hours | ||||||||
| > 9 h/day | 135 (65.5) | 146 (75.7) | 59 (72.8) | 157 (72) | 132 (65.4) | 149 (75.6) | 35 (71.4) | 181 (72.4) |
| ≤ 9 h/day | 71 (34.5) | 47 (24.4) | 22 (27.2) | 61 (28) | 70 (34.7) | 48 (24.4) | 14 (28.6) | 69 (27.6) |
| p = 0.04 | p = 1.00 | p = 0.03 | p = 1.00 | |||||
*Controls. BMI: Body mass index (Cut-off limits of overweight: BMI (kg/m2) <25, PBF: Percent body fat (Cut-off limits of overweight: men’s BF (%) < 20; women’s BF (%) < 30)
+Cases. BMI: Body mass index (Cut-off limits of overweight: BMI (kg/m2) ≥25, PBF: Percent body fat (Cut-off limits of overweight: men’s BF (%) ≥ 20; women’s BF (%) ≥ 3
Working hours, occupational sitting time and Sleeping time were dichotomized at the median