Table 3.

Risk Factors for Association of Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy by 2 or More Steps on the Liverpool Diabetic Eye Study Scale at 24 Months in the Malawi Diabetic Retinopathy Study (n = 293): Univariate and Multivariate Logistic Regression

	OR	95% CI	P Value
Univariate logistic regression
Duration of diabetes (yrs)	1.05	1.00–1.09	0.042∗
Type 1 diabetes	2.09	0.89–4.89	0.090
Baseline grade of DR	1.48	1.23–1.76	0.001∗
Scatter laser treatment†	3.75	1.90–7.40	0.001∗
Mean HbA1c (NGSP %)	1.28	1.13–1.44	0.001∗
Mean sBP (mmHg)	1.00	0.99–1.02	0.68
log[Mean urine ACR] (mg/mmol)	1.28	1.07–1.52	0.005∗
Mean hemoglobin (g/dl)	0.92	0.76–1.12	0.43
HIV positive	0.20	0.05–0.85	0.029∗
Baseline LDL cholesterol (mmol/l)	0.99	0.72–1.34	0.92
Baseline HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)	2.24	0.98–5.14	0.057
Baseline triglycerides (mmol/l)	0.78	0.57–1.06	0.11
Sex (male)	1.04	0.58–1.87	0.89
Age (yrs)	0.99	0.97–1.01	0.49
Multivariate logistic regression
Mean HbA1c (NGSP %)	1.27	1.12–1.45	0.001∗
Baseline grade of DR	1.39	1.02–1.91	0.040∗
HIV positive	0.16	0.03–0.78	0.023∗
Type 1 diabetes	2.27	0.87–5.89	0.094
Scatter laser treatment†	1.45	0.43–4.88	0.54

ACR = albumin-to-creatinine ratio; CI = confidence interval; DR = diabetic retinopathy; HbA1c = glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; NGSP = National Glycohemoglobin Standardisation Program; OR = odds ratio; sBP = systolic blood pressure.

^∗Indicates statistical significance.

^†Scatter laser treatment received any time between baseline and 24 months.