Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2016 Aug 22;213(9):1655–1662. doi: 10.1084/jem.20160061

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© 2016 Littlewood-Evans et al.

This article is distributed under the terms of an Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike–No Mirror Sites license for the first six months after the publication date (see http://www.rupress.org/terms). After six months it is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike 3.0 Unported license, as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Figure 2. — Extracellular succinate levels within the SF of arthritic joints activate macrophages via GPR91 to up-regulate IL-1β production. (A) Succinate area ratio (mass spectrophotometry) in SF from knees of Janvier C57BL/6J mice on day 7–8 of AIA (n = 19; black diamonds) versus naive controls (n = 5; gray diamonds) pooled from five independent experiments. The lines depict means. A Mann-Whitney rank sum test was used, as the normality test failed (Shapiro-Wilk). (B) AUCs of knee swelling ratio curves (arthritis/healthy) over time (n = 25 per genotype), pooled from five experiments. The lines depict means. For each experiment, the WT (both Janvier C57BL/6J and littermate controls) mice were accorded a mean of 100%. WT (black squares) and Sucnr1^−/− (gray triangles) were compared by unpaired Student’s t test. (C) Knee swelling ratio (arthritis/healthy) over time in reciprocal BM chimeras of WT (littermates or congenic CD45.1 SJL-Ptprca/BoyAiTac; Taconic) and Sucnr1^−/− mice. (Right) AUC (percentage) expressed as means ± SEM. n = 5 per group and n = 4 in the KO–KO group. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s posttest were used. The experiment was performed once. (D, left) NIR intensity images of folate-positive activated macrophages in knees of WT littermates and Sucnr1^−/− animals on day 2 of AIA. n = 10 per group. (Right) Quantification of the NIR signal in knees of WT and Sucnr1^−/− animals over 72 h after probe injection. Bars show means of NIR intensity ratios in knees (arthritis/healthy) ± SEM. n = 10 per bar, unpaired Student’s t test. Data are representative of two experiments. (E) Colocalization of F4/80-positive macrophages (green) with IL-1β (red) from the synovial lining and synovium of WT mice (littermates). Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining shows tissue morphology. Bars, 25 µm. Images are representative of 30 sections from five mice. (F) IL-1β levels in synovial tissue homogenates of WT littermate or Sucnr1^−/− mice on day 7 of AIA. Data are representative of two experiments. Error bars represent means ± SEM of five mice per group. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001, unpaired Student’s t test.

HHS Vulnerability Disclosure