Table 2. Exercise intervention details.
| Author | Mode | Nutritional intervention | Frequency | Intensity | Session duration | Intervention duration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baldi et al. (2003) [20]a | C: non exercising control PRT: circuit targeting major muscle groups of the upper and lower body |
Nil | C: NA PRT: 3/7 (supervised) |
C: NA PRT: 10 RM upper body, 15 RM lower body exercises |
C: NA PRT: progressing from one to three sessions/week; multiple sets of 12 reps for 10 exercises (60 seconds recovery between sets) |
10 weeks |
| Boudou et al. (2003) [21] | C: sham intervention (cycle ergometer) AEx (continuous and HIIT): NR |
Nil | C: 1/7 (supervised) AEx: 2/7+1/7, respectively (supervised) |
C: 30 W (60 rpm) AEx: Continuous: 75% VO2peak HIIT: 50%–85% VO2peak |
C: 20 minutes AEx: Continuous: 45 minutes HIIT: 5×2 minutes at 85% VO2peak, 3 minutes at 50% VO2peak between exercises |
8 weeks |
| Cuff et al. (2003) [19]a | C: usual care AEx (continuous): treadmill, stationary cycle ergometers, recumbent steppers, elliptical trainers, and rower ergometer AEx (continuous)+PRT: AEx–treadmills: stationary cycle ergometers, recumbent steppers, elliptical trainers, rowing machines |
Nil | C: usual care AEx: 3/7 (supervised) AEx+PRT: 3/7 (supervised) |
C: NA AEx: 60%–75% HRR AEx+PRT: AEx: 60%–75% HRR PRT: 2×12 reps |
C: NA AEx: 75 minutes AEx+PRT: 75 minutes |
16 weeks |
| AEx–PRT: stack weight equipment: leg press, leg curl, hip extension, chest press, and latissimus pulldown | ||||||
| Dunstan et al. (1997) [17] | C: sham exercise (cycle ergometer and stretches) AEx (continuous): cycle ergometer F: sham exercise. Cycle ergometer and stretches AEx (continuous)+F: cycle ergometer |
All participants were advised to reduce their sodium intake <100 mmol/day Fish intake groups were instructed to include one fish meal per day |
C: 3/7 (supervised) AEx: 3/7 (supervised) F: 3/7 (supervised) AEx+F: 3/7 (supervised) |
C: Nil AEx: Week 1: 50%–55% VO2peak Week 2–8: 55%–65% VO2peak F: no workload AEx+F: Week 1: 50%–55% VO2peak Week 2–8: 55%–65% VO2peak |
C: 10 minutes cycling; 30 minutes of stretching AEx: 40 minutes F: 10 minutes cycling; 30 minutes of stretching AEx+F: 40 minutes |
8 weeks |
| Dunstan et al. (1998) [22]a | C: non-exercising PRT: circuit including leg extension, bench press, leg curl, bicep curls, overhead press, seated row, forearm extension, and abdominal curls |
Nil | C: NA PRT: 3/7 (supervision NR) |
C: NA PRT: 50%–55% 1 RM |
C: NA PRT: 60 minutes |
8 weeks |
| Karstoft et al. (2013) [24]a | C: NR AEx: Continuous: walking Intermittent: walking |
Nil | C: NA AEx: Continuous: 5/7 (unsupervised) Intermittent: 5/7 (unsupervised) |
C: NA AEx: Continuous: 55% of peak energy-expenditure rate Intermittent: 55%–70% of peak energy-expenditure rate |
C: NA AEx: Continuous: 60 minutes Intermittent: 60 minutes (3 minutes at 70% followed by 3 minutes at 55% of peak energy-expenditure rate) |
4 months |
| Ligtenberg et al. (1997) [28] | C: education program AEx (continuous): Phase 1: cycle ergometer, swimming, treadmill, and rower ergometer Phase 2: exercise at home based on personalised training advice (with contact from investigators) Phase 3: exercise at home without contact from investigators |
Nil | C: NR AEx: Phase 1: 3/7 supervised for 6 weeks Phase 2: phone calls 1/14 for 6 weeks. NR frequency of exercise Phase 3: NR |
C: NR AEx: Phase 1: 60%–80% VO2peak Phase 2: NR Phase 3: NR |
C: NR AEx: Phase 1: 60 minutes Phase 2: NR Phase 3: NR |
26 weeks |
| Middlebrooke et al. (2006) [29] |
C: standard care AEx (continuous): NR |
Nil | C: NA AEx: 3/7 (2/7 supervised; 1/7 unsupervised) |
C: NA AEx: 70%–80% HRmax |
C: NA AEx: 50–60 minutes |
6 months |
| Mourier et al. (1997) [30]a | C: NR AEx (continuous and HIIT): cycle ergometer |
Branched chain amino acid supplementation (46% leucine, 24% isoleucine, 30% valine) Supplementation did not effect metabolic parameters |
C: NA AEx: 2/7 continuous+1/7 HIIT |
C: NA AEx: Continuous: 75% VO2peak HIIT: 50%–85% VO2peak |
C: NA AEx: 55 minutes HIIT: Continuous: 35 minutes (52 minutes at 85%) HIIT: VO2peak followed by 2 minutes at 50% VO2peak |
8 weeks |
| Okada et al. (2010) [23] | C: NR AEx (continuous)+PRT: AEx: aerobic dance, and stationary cycle ergometer PRT: NR |
Nil | C: NA AEx+PRT: 3–5/7 (supervised) |
C: NA AEx+PRT: NR |
C: NA AEx+PRT: AEx: 55 minutes PRT: 20 minutes Overall: 75 minutes |
3 months |
| Ronnemaa et al. (1986) [31] | C: NA AEx: walking, jogging, or skiing |
Nil | C: NA AEx: 5–7/7 |
C: NA AEx: 70% VO2peak |
C: NA AEx: 45 minutes |
4 months |
| Tamura et al. (2005) [18]a | D: Nil AEx (continuous)+D: walking |
Total mean energy intake of 27.9 kcal/kg of ideal body weight for both groups for 2 weeks | D: NA AEx+D: 2–3/7 (unsupervised) |
D: NA AEx+D: 50%–60% VO2peak |
D: NA AEx+D: 30 minutes per session |
2 weeks |
| Tan et al. (2012) [25] | C: maintain individual habits of physical activity AEx (continuous)+PRT: AEx: walking, running PRT: knee flexion, knee extension, hip abduction, hip adduction, and standing calf raise |
Nil | C: NA AEx+PRT: 3/7 (supervised) |
C: NA AEx+PRT: AEx: 55%–70% HRmax PRT: 50%–70% 1 RM |
C: NA AEx+PRT: 60 minutes |
6 months |
| Tessier et al. (2000) [26] | C: NR AEx (continuous) +PRT: AEx: walking PRT: strength/endurance training of major muscle groups |
Nil | C: NA AEx+PRT: 3/7 (supervised) |
C: NA AEx+PRT: Initially: 35%–59% HRmax Week 4 onwards: 60%–79% HRmax |
C: NA AEx+PRT: 60 minutes |
16 weeks |
| Wing et al. (1988) [32] | P+D: sham exercise (light calisthenics and flexibility exercises) AEx+D: walking |
Diet was designed to produce approximately 1 kg/week weight loss | P+D: 2/7 (unsupervised) AEx+D: 2/7 (unsupervised) |
P+D: low intensity AEx+D: moderate intensity (speed and distance increased until the individual able to walk 3 miles) |
~60 minutes | 10 weeks |
| Winnick et al. (2008) [27] | D: NA AEx (continuous)+D: treadmill walking |
Diet designed to maintain body weight close to baseline body weight | D: NA AEx+D: 7/7 |
D: NA AEx+D: Days 1–3, 5–7: 70% VO2peak Day 4: 60% predicted HRmax |
D: NA AEx+D: 2×25 minutes, 10 minutes break between bouts Day 4: 60 minutes |
1 week |
C, control; PRT, progressive resistance training; NA, not applicable; RM, repetition maximum; HIIT, high intensity interval training; NR, not reported; AEx, aerobic training; VO2peak, peak oxygen consumption; HRR, heart rate reserve; F, fish meal; D, diet; HRmax, maximal heart rate; P, placebo.
aConverted from standard error of mean to standard deviation.