Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study participants.
| Characteristic | NGT groupa (n=72,915) | Pre-diabetes groupb (n=31,779) | Non-diabetic groupc (n=104,694) | P valued |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at first visit, yr | 37.9±6.8 | 41.2±8.3 | 38.9±7.4 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23±2.9 | 24.2±3.1 | 23.4±3.0 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 78.6±9.4 | 82.4±9.3 | 79.8±9.5 | <0.001 |
| Female sex, % | 29,676 (40.7) | 10,996 (34.6) | 40,672 (38.8) | <0.001 |
| Family history of DM, % | 9,625 (13.2) | 5,402 (17.0) | 15,027 (14.4) | <0.001 |
| Current smoker, % | 18,885 (25.9) | 8,517 (26.8) | 27,402 (26.2) | 0.002 |
| Progression to DM, % | 313 (0.4) | 1,626 (5.1) | 1,939 (1.9) | <0.001 |
| AST, IU/L | 23.7±7.0 | 24.9±8.0 | 23.8±7.3 | <0.001 |
| ALT, IU/L | 23.8±13.2 | 27.6±15.7 | 25.0±14.1 | <0.001 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 1.01±0.15 | 1.04±0.15 | 1.02±0.15 | <0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min | 79.4±9.1 | 77.3±9.1 | 78.8±9.2 | <0.001 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 111.5±13.0 | 116.2±14.7 | 112.9±13.7 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.26±0.23 | 5.61±0.32 | 5.37±0.30 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 186.6±31.7 | 196.3±33.4 | 189.6±32.5 | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 115.3±73.3 | 140.7±92.3 | 123.0±80.4 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 106.6±27.1 | 114.1±28.5 | 108.9±27.7 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 54.5±12.3 | 52.4±11.7 | 53.9±12.2 | <0.001 |
| Non-HDL-C, mg/dL | 132.1±32.1 | 143.9±33.4 | 135.7±32.9 | <0.001 |
| HOMA1-IR | 1.91±0.72 | 2.39±0.97 | 2.06±0.84 | <0.001 |
| HOMA1-β | 120.42±70.08 | 93.80±39.82 | 112.34±63.65 | <0.001 |
| HOMA2-IR | 1.27±0.45 | 1.46±0.55 | 1.33±0.49 | <0.001 |
| HOMA2-β | 100.09±35.51 | 93.14±31.67 | 97.98±34.54 | <0.001 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).
NGT, normal glucose tolerance; BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine transaminase; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA1, original homeostasis model assessment; IR, insulin resistance; HOMA2, updated HOMA model.
aThe NGT group is with a plasma glucose <100 mg/dL at the baseline checkup, bThe pre-diabetes group is with a plasma glucose ≥100 and <126 mg/dL at the baseline checkup, cNon-diabetic group: NGT+pre-diabetes group, dNGT group vs. pre-diabetes group.