Table 1.
Descriptive statistics on RAN, Phonological ability, Working Memory, Attention, Processing Speed RAN, Memory, Semantics, Reading, and Orthographic Measures.
| Grades | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grade 1 | Grade 2 | |||||
| Variables | M | (SD) | Range | M | (SD) | Range |
| RAN | ||||||
| Colorsa | 1.45 | (0.45) | 0.80–3.35 | |||
| Objectsa | 1.53 | (0.38) | 0.80–2.83 | |||
| Digitsa | 0.77 | (0.20) | 0.40–1.63 | |||
| Lettersa | 0.87 | (0.27) | 0.45–2.20 | |||
| PHONOLOGICAL AWARENESS | ||||||
| Phoneme Elision | 8.66 | (4.97) | 0–15 | |||
| Phoneme Blending | 8.43 | (4.33) | 0–15 | |||
| WORKING MEMORY | ||||||
| Word Series | 7.88 | (2.87) | 0–17 | |||
| Sentence Questions | 6.06 | (2.92) | 0–16 | |||
| ATTENTION | ||||||
| Expressive Attentiona | 0.69 | (0.16) | 0.20–1.58 | |||
| Selective Attentiona | 0.10 | (0.02) | 0.02–0.18 | |||
| PROCESSING SPEED | ||||||
| Matching Numbersa | 0.08 | (0.02) | 0.02–0.17 | |||
| Cancellationa | 0.18 | (0.04) | 0.02–0.30 | |||
| MOTOR SKILLS | ||||||
| Bead Threading | 7.01 | (2.05) | 2–12 | |||
| Postural Stability | 1.90 | (2.79) | 0–16 | |||
| ORTHOGRAPHIC PROCESSING | ||||||
| Orthographic Choice | 8.53 | (2.62) | 0–14 | |||
| Two-Minute Spelling | 4.25 | (2.05) | 0-11 | |||
| ORAL READING FLUENCY | ||||||
| Word Reading Fluency | 21.57 | (8.55) | 0–64 | 43.42 | (10.97) | 11–82 |
| Phonemic Decoding Fluency | 14.69 | (5.59) | 0–37 | 25.19 | (6.07) | 4–45 |
| SILENT READING FLUENCY | ||||||
| Word Chains | 4.33 | (2.83) | 0–14 | 12.21 | (4.40) | 2–23 |
N = 286 in both Grades.
a
Ratio score (accuracy/time). Accuracy scores are reported for the remaining tasks. Word reading and Silent word reading scores were administered only in Grade 2 following the study aims. Values in the column Range are the empirical minimum and maximum scores. The possible maximum values for the accuracy scores are provided in the Method section in the description of the measures.