. 2016 Jan 13;2(1):10–17. doi: 10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.000810

Table 3. Factors predicting total healthcare costs in the second and third year after index diagnosis.

	Exp(β)

	Second-year costs	Third-year costs
First-year healthcare utilisation pattern^a
Hospital treatment v. OPD 4–6	2.267 (2.068, 2.485)^**	2.192 (1.998, 2.406)^**
OPD ≥7 v. OPD 4–6	1.242 (1.168, 1.32)^**	1.177 (1.106, 1.253)^**

Age	1.01 (1.008, 1.012)^**	1.009 (1.007, 1.011)^**

Gender
Male v. female	1.053 (1.001, 1.107)^*	1.095 (1.040, 1.153)^*

Low-income household
Yes v. no	1.883 (1.642, 2.160)^**	1.480 (1.285, 1.703)^**

Insurance premium^b
Level (1) v. Level (4)	1.072 (0.822, 1.398)	0.959 (0.729, 1.262)
Level (2) v. Level (4)	0.936 (0.716, 1.222)	0.878 (0.666, 1.157)
Level (3) v. Level (4)	0.783 (0.594, 1.033)	0.821 (0.617, 1.094)

Urbanisation level^c
Level (1) v. Level (7)	1.125 (1.021, 1.241)^*	1.108 (1.003, 1.224)^*
Level (2) v. Level (7)	1.143 (1.037, 1.260)^*	1.141 (1.033, 1.261)^*
Level (3) v. Level (7)	1.053 (0.946, 1.173)	1.083 (0.970, 1.210)
Level (4) v. Level (7)	1.108 (0.994, 1.236)	1.162 (1.039, 1.299)^*
Level (5) v. Level (7)	1.082 (0.866, 1.350)	1.363 (1.084, 1.713)^*
Level (6) v. Level (7)	1.015 (0.862, 1.195)	1.101 (0.932, 1.301)

Clinical setting at index visit
OPD v. in-patient	1.107 (1.003, 1.221)^*	1.238 (1.120, 1.368)^**
ER v. in-patient	1.334 (1.167, 1.526)^**	1.331 (1.160, 1.528)^**

Physician type at index visit
Psychiatrist v. non-psychiatrist	0.979 (0.914, 1.048)	0.936 (0.871, 1.006)

Catastrophic card
Yes v. no	1.534 (1.443, 1.630)^**	1.506 (1.415, 1.603)^**

Initial diagnosis codes
296.0 v. 296.7	1.041 (0.948, 1.143)	1.021 (0.927, 1.124)
296.1 v. 296.7	1.111 (0.991, 1.245)	1.065 (0.947, 1.198)
296.4 v. 296.7	1.094 (1.004, 1.191)^*	1.101 (1.009, 1.201)^*
296.5 v. 296.7	1.002 (0.921, 1.090)	0.956 (0.877, 1.042)
296.6 v. 296.7	1.045 (0.951, 1.150)	1.016 (0.921, 1.121)

Total healthcare costs in the preceding year (in 1000 NTD)	1.003 (1.003, 1.003)^**	1.003 (1.002, 1.003)^**

Note: Other adjusted variables (not shown here) in the cost models included comorbid physical and mental illnesses over the 12-month pre-index period.

OPD, Out-patient department; ER, emergency room; CI, confidence interval; NTD, New Taiwan Dollar.

Study participants were grouped by first-year healthcare utilisation pattern for treatment of BPD: hospital treatment, participants who had been admitted at least once during the first year; OPD ≥7, participants who had not been admitted and had ≥7 out-patient visits during the first year; OPD 4–6, participants who had not been admitted and had 4–6 out-patient visits during the first year.

Insurance premium was classified into four different levels: Level (1): Under 17 280 NTD; Level (2): Between 17 281 NTD and 36 300 NTD; Level (3): Between 36 301 NTD and 72 800 NTD; Level (4): Above 72 801 NTD.

Urbanisation was classified into seven different levels: Level (1): Metropolitan city; Level (2): City; Level (3): Developing city; Level (4): Town; Level (5): Ageing population town; Level (6): Agricultural town; Level (7): Rural area.

P<0.05, **P<0.001.