Table 3.

“Two-way interaction” parameter estimates comparing the trends in health between 1990s and 2000s, “three-way interaction” parameter estimates comparing the trends in health inequalities between 1990s and 2000s, and “four-way interaction” parameter estimates comparing the “three-way interaction” parameter estimates between countries

	Odds ratios (logistic)
	Less-than-good self-assessed health	Long-standing health problems	Smoker	Obesity
1. Two-way interaction parameter estimatesa
England (low-edu)	0.76***	0.78***	0.82**	0.97
	(0.064)	(0.065)	(0.073)	(0.097)
2. Three-way interaction parameter estimatesb
England	1.22	0.95	1.19	1.25
	(0.197)	(0.125)	(0.182)	(0.213)
Finland	0.78	–	1.28	1.90*
	(0.173)	–	(0.308)	(0.652)
The Netherlands	1.18	1.16	1.00	–
	(0.221)	(0.181)	(0.165)	–
Italy	–	–	0.97	0.76*
	–	–	(0.072)	(0.121)
3. Four-way interaction parameter estimatesc
England vs Finland	1.57	–	0.93	0.66
	(0.433)	–	(0.267)	(0.253)
England vs the Netherlands	1.04	0.82	1.20	–
	(0.257)	(0.167)	(0.270)	–
England vs Italy	–	–	1.23	1.64**
	–	–	(0.209)	(0.383)

Robust standard errors in parentheses. *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1

^aBased on the “two-way interaction” analysis for low-educated people in England. An odds ratio below 1.00 indicates a larger health improvement in the period 2000–2010 than in the period 1990–2000

^bBased on the “three-way interaction” analysis within each country. An odds ratio below 1.00 indicates a more favourable trend in health inequalities in the period 2000–2010 than in the period 1990–2000

^cBased on the “four-way interaction” analysis for England and each of the comparison countries. An odds ratio below 1.0 indicates a more favourable change (between 1990–2000 and 2000–2010) in the trend in health inequalities in England as compared to the other country