FIG 4.
Increased cytokine/chemokine expression in sialic acid-treated mice. Eight- to 12-week-old C57BL/6J mice were treated intranasally with lactated Ringer's solution (A and C) or intranasally challenged at 24 h with 1 × 107 CFU of EF3030 (B and D). At 4 days postinfection, cytokine/chemokine expression levels in the olfactory bulbs and nasal lavage fluid were determined by a multiplex expression assay (n = 10 to 19 mice/group). Statistical significance was determined by a Mann-Whitney rank sum test (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001 [indicating significant differences between populations]).