(a) Comparison of the FAC contents in the oral secretions of M. sexta and S. littoralis. (b) JA induced by wounding and simulated herbivory. Wild-type (WT) and irMPK4 (line 119) were wounded with a pattern wheel and 20 μL of water (W+W), M. sexta OS (W+OSMs), S. littoralis OS (W+OSSl), FAC-A in a concentration similar to that in S. littoralis OS (W+FACSl) or M. sexta OS (W+FACMs), S. littoralis OS supplied with FAC-A (OSSl+FAC), or 1 to 500 diluted M. sexta OS, were immediately applied to wounds and JA contents were measured in samples collected 1 h after treatments. Non-treated plants served as controls. (c) FAC titration assay. Plants were wounded with a pattern wheel and 20 μL of FAC-A in a serial dilution were applied to wounds, and JA contents were measured in samples collected 1 h after treatments (FACMs represents FAC-A in a concentration similar to that in OSMs, 138 ng μL−1). Asterisks indicate significant differences between WT and irMPK4 plants (t-test; **, P < 0.01; N=5).