Table 5. Characteristics of included studies on surgeons’ interactions with the device industry.

Study ID/	Sample size and funding	Participants and settings	Sampling frame and method	Type of interaction	Outcomes assessed
Khan, 2007[47]	• N = 245 • Funding not reported	• Patients in the waiting area in orthopedic surgery clinic • USA • 51.0% female; average age: 55.5 (±14.5) • Education: 33.9% collegegraduates; 19.2% graduate/postgraduates	• Frame: Patients in the waiting area in orthopedic surgery clinic • Method: Convenient sampling	Surgeons as consultants for industry and medical device manufacturers	• Attitudes towards the interactions • Attitudes towards possible ways to manage the interactions     -   Regulation of interaction     -   Entities that should be involved in regulating interaction
Fisher, 2012[49]	• N = 501 • Funding not reported	• North American public visiting the spineuniverse.com website • USA; 2 weeks (date not reported) • 63.3% females; 46.9% aged 30–49, 26.1% aged 50–59, and 19.2% aged 60 and above; • Education: 52% tech or 4-year college; 25.7% graduate	• Frame: North American public visiting the spineuniverse.com website. • Method: convenient sampling	Surgeon-industry COI relating to the role of surgeons in clinical research and the industry funding of such research	• Beliefs about their effects on quality of care • Attitudes towards the interactions • Attitudes towards possible ways to manage the interactions     -   Regulation of interaction     -   Entities that should be involved in interaction
Camp, 2013[50]	• N = 251 USA and N = 252 Canada • No external funding sources	• Postoperative arthroplasty patients attending follow up hip and knee arthroplasty clinics • USA & Canada; Nov 2010-March 2011 • 55% females US; 59% females Canada; age: 36% < 60, 64% 60 and above for US; 30% < 60, 69% 60 and above for Canada • Education: US (51% college /university degree; Canada (51% college/university degree	• Frame: postoperative patients attending follow up hip and knee arthroplasty clinics at Mount Sinai Hospital and Holland Orthopaedic • Method: Convenient sampling	Financial relationships with manufacturers (gifts, royalties, consultancy payments, speakers’ bureau presentations, or research support)	• Awareness of the interactions of surgeons in general • Beliefs about their effects on quality of care • Attitudes towards the interactions • Attitudes towards possible ways to manage the interactions     -   Disclosure of interaction     -   Regulation of interaction     -   Entities that should be involved in regulation the interaction
Lieberman, 2013[48]	• N = 100 • Funding from the NIH Musculoskeletal Transplant Foundation	• Patients (18 years old or older) scheduled for primary THA and TKA from the orthopedic practices of two joint arthroplasty specialists • USA; September 2010 to September 2011 • 66% female; mean age (SD): 63 (±13.3) • Education: 49% college; 20% Master’s or Doctoral degree	• Frame: All patients 18 years and older scheduled for primary THA and TKA from orthopedic practices of two joint arthroplasty specialists at an academic health center. • Method: convenient sampling	• Developed prostheses • Receives revenue from company • Stock in company • Receive future revenue • Paid for product used in surgery • Paid for product not used in surgery	• Awareness of the interactions of surgeons in general • Attitudes towards the interactions • Attitudes towards the effects of interactions on trust • Attitudes towards possible ways to manage the interactions     -   Disclosure of interaction
Dipaola, 2014[7]	• N = 610 • Funding not reported	• North Americans representing the general public visiting the spineuniverse.com website • USA; 2 weeks (no data) • 63.3% females; 42.8% aged 30–49, 31% aged 50–59, 21% aged> 60 • Education: 54.8% technical school college; 24.6% graduate school	• Frame: visitors of the spineuniverse.com website. • Method: convenient sampling	Surgeon-industry consulting relationships	• Beliefs about their effects on quality of care • Attitudes towards the interactions • Attitudes towards possible ways to manage the interactions:     -   Disclosure of interaction     -   Entities that should be involved in regulating interaction