Table 1.

Cannabinoid effects on in vitro TLR responses.

Cells	Stimulus	Effect	Reference
Alveolar macrophages	LPS	↓ inflammatory cytokines	Baldwin et al. [16]
			Pacifici et al. [17]
Monocytes	LPS	↓ inflammatory cytokines	Zurier et al. [95]
		Impairs differentiation to dendritic cells	Roth et al. [122]
Thioglycollate-elicited macrophages	LPS	↓ tumor necrosis factor-α protein processing	Zheng and Specter [99]
		↑ interleukin-1β	Zhu et al. [94]
	LPS/interferon-γ	↓ nitric oxide synthase-2	Coffey et al. [102]
		↓ nitric oxide	Mestre et al. [92]
		↑ interleukin-10	Correa et al. [109]
Blood mononuclear cells	LPS	↓ interleukin-1α	Watzl et al. [96]
		Biphasic dose-response	Berdyshev et al. [97]
Microglial cells	LPS	↓ cytokine mRNA	Puffenbarger et al. [103]
		↑ IL-1 receptor antagonist	Molina-Holgado et al. [111]
		↓ nitric oxide	Merighi et al. [123]
	LPS/interferon-γ	↑ interleukin-10	Correa et al. [110]
		↓ nitric oxide	Waksman et al. [124]
Dendritic cells	LPS	↓ TLR4 expression	Xu et al. [106]
BV-2 cells	LPS	↓ NF-κB activity	More et al. [101]
		↓ cytokine mRNA
		↓ interferon-β mRNA	Kozela et al. [125]
J774 cells	LPS	↓ nitric oxide	Chang et al. [93]
		↓ interleukin-6
		↓ cyclooxygenase-2
RAW 264.7 cells	LPS	↓ tumor necrosis factor-α protein processing	Fischer-Stenger et al. [100]
		↓ nitric oxide synthase-2	Jeon et al. [104]
		↓ nitric oxide
		↓ NF-κB activity
TLR4-transfected HEK293 cells	LPS	↓ interferon-β mRNA	Downer et al. [126]
		↓ IRF3 activity
Glioma U87MG cells	Peptidoglycan	↓ NF-κB activity	Echigo et al. [105]
TLR3-transfected HEK293 cells	Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid	↑ interferon-β mRNA	Downer et al. [127]
		↑ IRF3 activity	Downer et al. [126]
		↓ tumor necrosis factor-α
		↓ NF-κB activity
Blood mononuclear cells	Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid	↑ interferon-β mRNA	Downer et al. [126]
		↓ tumor necrosis factor-α