TABLE 2.
Crude and adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for cerebral palsy in live-born children according to maternal daily caffeinated coffee, tea, soft drinks (cola), and total caffeine consumption
| Prepregnancy1 |
Week 171 |
Week 302 |
||||
| Crude | Adjusted3 | Crude | Adjusted3 | Crude | Adjusted3 | |
| Coffee servings4 | ||||||
| 0 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| 1–2 | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) |
| 3–5 | 0.9 (0.7, 1.3) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.8) | 1.1 (0.6, 1.9) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.3) |
| ≥6 | 1.3 (0.8, 2.0) | 1.4 (0.9, 2.1) | 0.4 (0.1, 2.7) | 0.4 (0.1, 2.6) | 2.2 (1.0, 4.7) | 2.3 (1.1, 5.0) |
| P-trend | 0.40 | 0.58 | 0.79 | |||
| Tea servings4 | ||||||
| 0 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| 1–2 | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.3) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) |
| 3–5 | 0.9 (0.5, 1.5) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.5) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.5) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.5) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.6) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.5) |
| ≥6 | 0.9 (0.3, 2.5) | 0.9 (0.3, 2.4) | 1.3 (0.4, 4.0) | 1.3 (0.4, 4.0) | 0.4 (0.1, 2.6) | 0.3 (0.1, 2.3) |
| P-trend | 0.54 | 0.68 | 0.24 | |||
| Cola servings4 | ||||||
| 0 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| 1–2 | 1.2 (0.8, 1.6) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.7) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) |
| 3–5 | 1.3 (0.8, 1.9) | 1.3 (0.8, 2.0) | 1.4 (0.8, 2.3) | 1.4 (0.8, 2.3) | 1.7 (1.1, 2.7) | 1.7 (1.1, 2.8) |
| ≥6 | 1.9 (1.2, 3.0) | 1.9 (1.2, 3.1) | 1.5 (0.7, 3.2) | 1.5 (0.7, 3.3) | 1.0 (0.4, 2.4) | 0.9 (0.4, 2.3) |
| P-trend | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.12 | |||
| Total caffeine,5 mg/d | ||||||
| 0 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| 1–100 | 1.0 (0.7, 1.6) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.6) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) |
| 101–200 | 1.1 (0.7, 1.7) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.7) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.7) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.7) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.1) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.1) |
| 201–300 | 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.6) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.6) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.4) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.4) |
| >300 | 1.2 (0.8, 1.9) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.9) | 0.9 (0.4, 2.2) | 1.0 (0.4, 2.2) | 1.0 (0.5, 2.0) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.9) |
| P-trend | 0.49 | 0.92 | 0.30 | |||
Around pregnancy week 17, women were asked about present and prepregnancy intake of caffeinated beverages.
Around pregnancy week 30, women were asked about mean intake of caffeinated beverages since week 13 of pregnancy.
Adjusted for maternal age (<25, 25–29, 30–34, or ≥35 y), maternal education (<12, 12, 13–16, or >16 y or missing), medically assisted reproduction (yes or no), and smoking (none, quit in pregnancy, <10 cigarettes/d, ≥10 cigarettes/d, or missing) and for each source of caffeine; adjustments were made for the others (i.e., in coffee analyses, adjusted for servings of tea and servings of cola, etc.).
Serving defined as 125 mL.
From caffeinated beverages.