TABLE 1.
Participant characteristics at baseline by lowest and highest quartiles of the 4 dietary indexes separated by sex in the Multiethnic Cohort1
| HEI-2010 |
AHEI-2010 |
aMED |
DASH |
||||||
| All, n | Q1 | Q4 | Q1 | Q4 | Q1 | Q4 | Q1 | Q4 | |
| Men | |||||||||
| Index score points | 2258 | 51.6 (7.26) | 77.9 (6.29) | 52.4 (6.03) | 75.1 (6.27) | 2 (1) | 6 (1) | 19 (3) | 29 (3) |
| Cases, n | 2258 | 564 | 564 | 564 | 564 | 454 | 528 | 559 | 494 |
| Age at diagnosis, y | 2258 | 70.0 (12.5) | 75.0 (10.5) | 70.0 (13.0) | 74.0 (11.5) | 72.0 (12.0) | 73.0 (11.0) | 68.0 (13.0) | 75.0 (10.0) |
| Ethnicity, % | |||||||||
| White | 449 | 18.1 | 24.1 | 20.6 | 20.0 | 19.2 | 18.9 | 13.2 | 24.5 |
| African-American | 339 | 12.8 | 19.7 | 16.8 | 14.4 | 16.7 | 16.9 | 15.4 | 17.2 |
| Native-Hawaiian | 147 | 6.56 | 6.21 | 6.56 | 6.38 | 4.85 | 7.95 | 7.69 | 4.66 |
| Japanese-American | 845 | 36.5 | 37.1 | 28.9 | 46.3 | 32.6 | 41.1 | 46.0 | 30.4 |
| Latino | 478 | 26.1 | 12.9 | 27.1 | 12.9 | 26.7 | 15.2 | 17.7 | 23.3 |
| BMI (kg/m2), % | |||||||||
| 18.5 to <25 | 807 | 39.5 | 38.1 | 37.8 | 37.6 | 33.7 | 35.0 | 34.2 | 37.9 |
| ≥25 to <30 | 1042 | 40.4 | 46.3 | 42.2 | 46.8 | 46.5 | 45.8 | 45.1 | 47.6 |
| ≥30 | 409 | 20.0 | 15.6 | 20.0 | 15.6 | 19.8 | 19.1 | 20.8 | 14.6 |
| Smoking status,2 % | |||||||||
| Smoking, pack-years | 2258 | 12.0 (30.5) | 3.99 (19.8) | 12.0 (31.2) | 7.75 (27.5) | 10.2 (27.5) | 7.75 (27.5) | 12.0 (30.5) | 3.88 (19.8) |
| Never | 569 | 20.0 | 33.7 | 21.6 | 27.1 | 22.9 | 25.2 | 20.8 | 32.2 |
| Past | 1269 | 49.8 | 57.3 | 50.4 | 61.9 | 53.3 | 62.3 | 49.0 | 59.1 |
| Current | 404 | 29.4 | 8.51 | 27.5 | 10.6 | 23.1 | 12.1 | 29.2 | 8.30 |
| Physical activity (moderate and vigorous),3 % | |||||||||
| <30 min/d | 859 | 45.4 | 31.2 | 45.0 | 30.9 | 48.0 | 29.9 | 43.3 | 30.4 |
| ≥30 min/d | 1363 | 53.6 | 67.0 | 53.4 | 67.9 | 50.7 | 68.9 | 55.5 | 67.4 |
| Education, % | |||||||||
| ≤12 y | 1057 | 52.8 | 37.4 | 50.0 | 42.7 | 49.8 | 42.1 | 50.5 | 39.5 |
| 13–15 y | 652 | 28.9 | 32.1 | 30.1 | 28.9 | 29.3 | 33.3 | 28.6 | 32.0 |
| ≥16 y | 549 | 18.3 | 30.5 | 19.9 | 28.4 | 20.9 | 24.6 | 20.9 | 28.5 |
| Family history of CRC,4 % | 213 | 10.8 | 9.22 | 11.2 | 7.09 | 10.1 | 8.52 | 13.4 | 8.91 |
| Ever NSAID use,5 % | 1041 | 42.7 | 44.7 | 44.7 | 46.5 | 47.1 | 47.9 | 41.9 | 47.6 |
| Stage of disease, % | |||||||||
| Local | 1018 | 42.0 | 48.4 | 42.7 | 48.8 | 40.5 | 46.8 | 44.5 | 47.4 |
| Regional | 842 | 38.7 | 35.3 | 36.7 | 35.8 | 38.1 | 38.1 | 37.9 | 36.4 |
| Distal | 349 | 16.3 | 14.4 | 18.1 | 13.3 | 18.3 | 13.5 | 15.9 | 14.2 |
| Unknown | 49 | 3.01 | 1.95 | 2.48 | 2.13 | 3.08 | 1.70 | 1.61 | 2.02 |
| Radiation therapy,6 % | 244 | 14.0 | 7.45 | 13.1 | 8.33 | 11.01 | 9.47 | 14.3 | 6.68 |
| Chemotherapy,7 % | 724 | 36.7 | 27.3 | 34.6 | 31.0 | 34.4 | 33.0 | 36.0 | 28.5 |
| Alcohol intake, g ethanol/d | 2258 | 4.50 (36.0) | 1.64 (12.4) | 2.52 (45.1) | 4.84 (16.5) | 2.46 (25.9) | 3.65 (16.5) | 6.52 (30.7) | 1.54 (13.2) |
| Red meat consumption, g/d | 2258 | 70.3 (66.9) | 36.0 (43.2) | 68.1 (69.2) | 44.1 (51.7) | 53.9 (50.5) | 56.8 (70.0) | 74.8 (58.8) | 36.2 (45.9) |
| Fruit consumption, g/d | 2258 | 69.3 (95.3) | 307 (262) | 84.8 (105) | 294 (240) | 77.3 (98.0) | 318 (266) | 70.4 (87.0) | 372 (295) |
| Women | |||||||||
| Index score points | 1946 | 56.5 (7.77) | 82.4 (5.08) | 54.1 (5.41) | 75.3 (5.64) | 2 (1) | 6 (1) | 18 (3) | 29 (3) |
| Cases, n | 1946 | 486 | 486 | 486 | 486 | 414 | 464 | 453 | 422 |
| Age at diagnosis, y | 1946 | 69.0 (13.0) | 74.5 (11.0) | 70.0 (13.0) | 73.5 (12.0) | 71.0 (13.0) | 73.0 (12.5) | 69.0 (13.0) | 74.0 (11.0) |
| Ethnicity, % | |||||||||
| White | 391 | 18.3 | 22.0 | 21.2 | 18.3 | 24.9 | 16.8 | 24.9 | 16.8 |
| African-American | 503 | 22.6 | 33.3 | 29.6 | 23.9 | 26.8 | 27.8 | 26.8 | 27.8 |
| Native Hawaiian | 129 | 9.05 | 4.94 | 7.61 | 5.76 | 4.83 | 8.19 | 4.83 | 8.19 |
| Japanese-American | 596 | 26.1 | 29.6 | 19.8 | 44.2 | 22.7 | 36.0 | 22.7 | 36.0 |
| Latina | 327 | 23.9 | 10.1 | 21.8 | 7.82 | 20.8 | 11.2 | 20.8 | 11.2 |
| BMI (kg/m2), % | |||||||||
| 18.5 to <25 | 784 | 32.7 | 44.9 | 30.5 | 49.4 | 33.3 | 45.0 | 33.3 | 45.0 |
| ≥25 to <30 | 632 | 34.0 | 32.7 | 31.1 | 30.5 | 34.5 | 30.8 | 34.5 | 30.8 |
| ≥30 | 530 | 33.3 | 22.4 | 38.5 | 20.2 | 32.1 | 24.1 | 32.1 | 24.1 |
| Smoking status,8 % | |||||||||
| Smoking, pack-years | 1946 | 0 (12.0) | 0 (6.40) | 0 (12.0) | 0 (10.2) | 0 (12.0) | 0 (6.38) | 1.25 (14.2) | 0 (3.88) |
| Never | 1025 | 47.1 | 55.6 | 49.2 | 55.8 | 48.6 | 55.6 | 48.6 | 55.6 |
| Past | 646 | 31.1 | 32.7 | 32.1 | 32.3 | 33.8 | 32.1 | 33.8 | 32.1 |
| Current | 250 | 20.0 | 10.9 | 16.7 | 11.1 | 16.2 | 11.0 | 16.2 | 11.0 |
| Physical activity (moderate and vigorous),9 % | |||||||||
| <30 min/d | 856 | 50.2 | 39.9 | 50.2 | 38.9 | 47.6 | 41.0 | 47.6 | 41.0 |
| ≥30 min/d | 1048 | 46.1 | 58.4 | 46.5 | 60.5 | 47.3 | 58.2 | 47.3 | 58.2 |
| Education, % | |||||||||
| ≤12 y | 1002 | 60.3 | 41.8 | 59.7 | 44.2 | 56.5 | 45.9 | 56.5 | 45.9 |
| 13–15 y | 553 | 28.4 | 29.4 | 26.5 | 31.3 | 28.0 | 29.1 | 28.0 | 29.1 |
| ≥16 y | 391 | 11.3 | 28.8 | 13.8 | 24.5 | 15.5 | 25.0 | 15.5 | 25.0 |
| Family history of CRC,10 % yes | 228 | 8.85 | 14.8 | 8.85 | 14.8 | 9.18 | 15.1 | 9.18 | 15.1 |
| Ever NSAID use,11 % yes | 992 | 54.5 | 47.1 | 55.4 | 43.2 | 55.3 | 48.3 | 55.3 | 48.3 |
| Stage of disease, % | |||||||||
| Local | 836 | 41.0 | 46.9 | 40.7 | 43.6 | 41.3 | 44.4 | 41.3 | 44.4 |
| Regional | 763 | 38.9 | 36.4 | 38.9 | 36.4 | 39.1 | 39.2 | 39.1 | 39.2 |
| Distal | 298 | 17.7 | 13.6 | 17.1 | 16.1 | 16.9 | 12.9 | 16.9 | 12.9 |
| Unknown | 49 | 2.47 | 3.09 | 3.29 | 3.91 | 2.66 | 3.45 | 2.66 | 3.45 |
| Radiation therapy,12 % yes | 130 | 7.41 | 5.76 | 6.79 | 7.00 | 7.49 | 6.90 | 7.49 | 6.90 |
| Chemotherapy,13 % yes | 574 | 29.2 | 29.0 | 28.6 | 31.9 | 27.5 | 26.3 | 27.5 | 26.3 |
| Alcohol intake, g ethanol/d | 1946 | 0 (1.01) | 0 (0.89) | 0 (1.12) | 0 (1.87) | 0 (0.93) | 0 (1.55) | 0 (1.44) | 0 (0.93) |
| Red meat consumption, g/d | 1946 | 49.5 (46.3) | 22.7 (25.0) | 43.3 (43.3) | 29.2 (31.5) | 36.9 (36.0) | 34.2 (47.3) | 51.5 (42.6) | 22.9 (25.8) |
| Fruit consumption, g/d | 1946 | 99.7 (138) | 338 (287) | 104 (137) | 337 (238) | 108 (119) | 388 (258) | 93.5 (118) | 414 (275) |
1
Values are medians (IQRs) or percentages unless otherwise indicated. AHEI, Alternative Healthy Eating Index; aMED, alternate Mediterranean Diet score; CRC, colorectal cancer; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; HEI, Healthy Eating Index; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; Q1, lowest index quartile; Q4, highest index quartile.
2–13
Data were missing for n = 216, 336, 4333, 573, 67, 748, 841, 942, 10278, 11100, 126, and 1362 subjects.