TABLE 1.
Participant characteristics in the Swedish MDCS and GLACIER cohort studies1
| SSB intake2 |
||||||
| Characteristics | All | Seldom | Low | Medium | High | P-trend3 |
| MDCS | ||||||
| Participants, n | 21,824 | 9865 | 4261 | 3775 | 3923 | |
| Age, y | 57.9 ± 7.7 | 58.2 ± 7.6 | 58.0 ± 7.8 | 57.2 ± 7.6 | 57.7 ± 7.7 | <0.001 |
| Sex, % women | 62.1 | 63.1 | 66.2 | 63.5 | 53.8 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.7 ± 3.8 | 25.6 ± 3.8 | 25.5 ± 3.7 | 25.7 ± 3.9 | 26.1 ± 4.0 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake, g/d | 10.9 ± 12.7 | 11.3 ± 13.1 | 10.2 ± 11.1 | 11.1 ± 11.8 | 10.5 ± 13.3 | <0.001 |
| Current smoking, % | 27.7 | 28.6 | 25.1 | 26.9 | 29.0 | <0.001 |
| Physically active, % | 27.3 | 44.8 | 19.5 | 16.7 | 19.0 | 0.01 |
| TEI, kJ/d | 9460 ± 2562 | 9025 ± 2495 | 9393 ± 2440 | 9686 ± 2499 | 10,390 ± 2650 | <0.001 |
| SSB,2 servings/d | 0.30 ± 0.58 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.07 | 0.36 ± 0.10 | 1.24 ± 0.83 | <0.001 |
| ASB, servings/d | 0.04 ± 0.21 | 0.04 ± 0.22 | 0.04 ± 0.19 | 0.05 ± 0.20 | 0.05 ± 0.19 | 0.002 |
| GRS,4 effect alleles | 27.6 ± 3.4 | 27.7 ± 3.4 | 27.6 ± 3.4 | 27.5 ± 3.4 | 27.5 ± 3.4 | 0.13 |
| GLACIER | ||||||
| Participants, n | 4902 | 781 | 1017 | 2238 | 866 | |
| Age, y | 49.0 ± 8.6 | 51.0 ± 8.1 | 51.2 ± 7.9 | 47.8 ± 8.7 | 47.7 ± 8.8 | <0.0001 |
| Sex, % women | 62.0 | 77.5 | 69.0 | 57.3 | 51.9 | <0.0001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.5 ± 3.8 | 25.5 ± 3.8 | 25.6 ± 3.8 | 25.6 ± 3.8 | 25.5 ± 3.8 | 0.90 |
| Alcohol intake, g/d | 3.6 ± 4.4 | 2.8 ± 4.3 | 3.3 ± 4.0 | 3.9 ± 4.6 | 3.8 ± 4.7 | <0.0001 |
| Current smoking, % | 21.6 | 25.1 | 23.2 | 19.5 | 22.1 | 0.01 |
| Physically active, % | 27.9 | 29.3 | 28.7 | 28.4 | 24.1 | 0.06 |
| TEI, kJ/d | 7455 ± 2407 | 6376 ± 1997 | 6787 ± 2152 | 7649 ± 2311 | 8703 ± 2582 | <0.0001 |
| SSB,2 servings/d | 0.35 ± 0.50 | 0.004 ± 0.002 | 0.08 ± 0.002 | 0.26 ± 0.12 | 1.20 ± 0.67 | <0.0001 |
| GRS,4 effect alleles | 27.5 ± 3.4 | 27.5 ± 3.2 | 27.6 ± 3.4 | 27.5 ± 3.4 | 27.4 ± 3.4 | 0.36 |
Data are means ± SDs unless otherwise indicated, n = 26,726. ASB, artificially sweetened beverage; GLACIER, Gene-Lifestyle Interactions and Complex Traits Involved in Elevated Disease Risk; GRS, genetic risk score; MDCS, Malmö Diet and Cancer Study; SSB, sugar-sweetened beverage; TEI, total energy intake.
For MDCS, the seldom-intake group included participants who did not report any intake of SSB (or ASB) in the 7-d menu booklet; the remaining participants were divided into a low-, medium-, and high-intake group based on tertiles of SSB (or ASB) intake. For GLACIER, ranges of intake were applied to reflect the 4 groups in MDCS.
ANOVA was used for continuous variables and the chi-square test for categorical variables.
The GRS comprises 30 BMI-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms with a theoretical range from 0 to 60.