Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics of study cohorts.
| Healthy (n = 27) | Prediabetes (n = 12) | T2D (n = 31) | LADA (n = 6) | T1D (n = 16) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (M/F) | 15/12 | 7/5 | 15/16 | 4/2 | 7/9 | 0.8060 |
| Age (years) | 25.3 ± 2.2a,b,c | 40.8 ± 3.0a,g | 52.9 ± 2.0c,j | 54.0 ± 3.2b,i | 25.9 ± 5.7g,i,j | <0.0001 |
| BMI kg/m2 | 24.1 ± 0.9a,c | 30.8 ± 3.1a,g | 34.1 ± 1.3c,h,j | 24.3 ± 1.2h | 19.9 ± 1.2g,j | <0.0001 |
| Height (cm) | 167 ± 3d | 172 ± 4g | 169 ± 6j | 170 ± 2i | 146 ± 7d,g,i,j | 0.0001 |
| Weight (kg) | 68.8 ± 3.6a,c | 94.2 ± 12.0a,g | 69.9±7.4c,j | 99.1 ± 4.5 | 46.4 ± 6.0g,j | <0.0001 |
| Hb-A1C (%) | 5.24 ± 0.06b,c,d | 5.75 ± 0.09e,f,g | 6.56 ± 0.11c,f,h,j | 8.85 ± 0.83b,e,,h,i | 7.63 ± 0.39d,g,i | <0.0001 |
| Glucose baseline (mg/dl) | 87.5 ± 2.0c | 96.2 ± 3.3f | 184.9 ± 16.5c,f | 126.1 ± 4.7i | 124.2 ± 17.2i | <0.0001 |
| Insulin baseline (μIU/ml) | 5.48 ± 0.86c | 7.74 ± 2.35 | 12.40 ± 2.10c | NA | NA | 0.0345 |
| OGTT-glucose, AUC (mg/dl × min) | 14435 ± 508 | 19089 ± 908f,g | 29439 ± 1613f | 37411 ± 2137 | 33059 ± 1315g | <0.0001 |
| OGTT-c-peptide, AUC (ng/ml × min) | 678.6 ± 96.9b,d | 921.4 ± 135.9e,g | 801.1 ± 85.9h | 60.4 ± 18.5b,e,h | 39.0 ± 26.3d,g | <0.0001 |
| OGTT-insulin, AUC (μIU/ml × min) | 4525 ± 1239 | 8402 ± 2218 | 7189 ± 1190 | NA | NA | 0.3934 |
| ΔIns.30 min/ΔGlu.30 min | 0.88 ± 0.40 | 0.61 ± 0.23 | 0.42 ± 0.10 | NA | NA | 0.2831 |
| ISSI2 | 3.03 ± 0.40a,c | 1.83 ± 0.18a,f | 0.88 ± 0.12c,f | NA | NA | <0.0001 |
| HOMA-B | 42.72 ± 10.06 | 81.06 ± 25.69 | 67.92 ± 16.89 | NA | NA | 0.5722 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.19 ± 0.19c | 1.89 ± 0.56 | 4.08 ± 0.75c | NA | NA | 0.0052 |
| MATSUDA | 15.56 ± 3.65c | 10.61 ± 2.72 | 6.04 ± 1.30c | NA | NA | 0.0167 |
| QUICKI | 0.44 ± 0.02c | 0.41 ± 0.03 | 0.36 ± 0.02c | NA | NA | 0.0258 |
Due to the confounding effect of exogenous insulin, LADA and T1D patients were not included in analyses of insulin secretion and sensitivity that relied on endogenous insulin responses. Different letters in superscripts following each p value indicate statistical significance after the Tukey adjustment for multiple comparisons: aHealthy vs. Prediabetes, bHealthy vs. LADA, cHealthy vs. T2D, dHealthy vs. T1D, ePrediabetes vs. LADA, fPrediabetes vs. T2D, gPrediabetes vs. T1D, hLADA vs. T2D, iLADA vs. T1D, jT2D vs. T1D. NA: Not applicable.