Table 1.
General characteristics of the study population.
| Variables | All Population (n = 160) | Men (n = 68) | Women (n = 92) | p-Value a |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 65.3 (4.9) | 64.5 (5.9) | 65.9 (3.9) | 0.097 |
| Height, m | 1.62 (0.09) | 1.69 (0.06) | 1.56 (0.06) | <0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 86.7 (14.3) | 94.3 (12.5) | 81.9 (12.9) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 33.0 (4.3) | 32.9 (3.6) | 33.1 (4.7) | 0.328 |
| Leisure-time physical activity, METs/week | 3123 (2804) | 4006 (2945) | 2471 (2518) | <0.001 |
| Mediterranean diet score, (0–17 points) | 9.2 (2.5) | 8.5 (2.6) | 9.8 (2.3) | <0.005 |
| Total energy intake, kcal/day | 2229 (551) | 2330 (606) | 2155 (497) | <0.005 |
| Total protein intake, g/day | 134 (357) | 189 (545) | 93 (22) | 0.276 |
| Urine volume, mL/day | 1722 (651) | 1762 (698) | 1693 (616) | 0.506 |
| Urine osmolality, mOsm/kg | 551 (211) | 631 (204) | 492 (196) | <0.001 |
| Urine albumin, mg/dL | 13.8 (31.8) | 20.0 (39.5) | 9.0 (23.4) | 0.047 |
| Urine creatinine, μmol/dL | 7718 (3760) | 9440 (4204) | 6431 (2783) | <0.001 |
| Urine albumin to creatinine ratio, mg/g | 17.1 (43.4) | 22.2 (53.2) | 13.2 (33.9) | 0.228 |
| Use of medications, % (n) | ||||
| Aspirin | 24.4 (39) | 26.5 (18) | 22.8 (21) | 0.596 |
| Pain relief | 33.7 (54) | 17.6 (12) | 45.6 (42) | <0.005 |
| Tranquilizers | 27.5 (44) | 17.6 (12) | 34.8 (32) | 0.016 |
| Vitamin/minerals | 6.9 (11) | 2.9 (2) | 9.8 (9) | 0.091 |
| Heart problems | 4.4 (7) | 5.9 (4) | 3.3 (3) | 0.423 |
| Antihypertensive agents | 79.4 (127) | 82.3 (56) | 77.2 (71) | 0.423 |
| Statins | 56.9 (91) | 50.0 (34) | 62.0 (57) | 0.131 |
| Insulin | 6.2 (10) | 5.9 (4) | 6.5 (6) | 0.869 |
| Oral anti-diabetic drugs | 30.0 (48) | 30.9 (21) | 29.3 (27) | 0.834 |
| Others | 68.1 (109) | 63.2 (43) | 71.7 (66) | 0.254 |
Data expressed as means (SD) or percentages (n). Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index. a p-Values for comparisons between groups were tested by Student’s t-test or χ2 as appropriate.