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. 2016 Aug 10;8(8):490. doi: 10.3390/nu8080490

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© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Energy expenditure and substrate oxidation following a PRO- or CHO-breakfast or continued breakfast skipping. Data are expressed as means ± SEMs; SKP n = 8, PRO n = 8, CHO n = 8. (A) Postprandial energy expenditure (TEF) controlled for fat-free mass over time per breakfast group and niAUC for TEF for each breakfast group; (B) Carbohydrate oxidation over time per breakfast group and niAUC for carbohydrate oxidation for each breakfast group; (C) Fat oxidation over time per breakfast group and niAUC for fat oxidation for each breakfast group. Labeled bars without a common letter differ, p ≤ 0.05. SKP, breakfast skipping; CHO, carbohydrate-based breakfast; PRO, protein-based breakfast; FFM, fat-free mass.