Table 1.

Animal studies on the bone protective effects of olives, olive oil and its polyphenols.

No.	Reference	Treatment; Dose; Length	Method of Inducing Bone Loss	Bone Mineral Density	Histology/ Histomorphometry	Bone Turnover Marker	Bone Strength	Oxidative Stress	Inflammation
1	Puel et al. 2007 [26]	Black Lucques olives; 6 g per day; 84 days	OVX or OVX + talc	↑ (diaphyseal)	NA	↔	↔	↔	↔
2	Puel et al. 2004 [27]	Extra virgin olive oil; 50 g/kg diet; 80 days. Oleuropein; 0.15 g/kg diet; 80 days	OVX or OVX + talc	↑	NA	↔	↑	↔	↓ (olive oil only)
3	Saleh and Saleh 2011 [28]	Olive oil; 1 mL/100 g diet; 12 weeks	OVX	↑ bone thickness	NA	↓ calcim and ALP activity	NA	↓	NA
4	Liu et al. 2014 [29]	Olive oil; 1 mL/100 g diet; 12 weeks	OVX	↑	NA	↔	NA	↓	NA
5	Puel et al. 2006 [32]	Oleuropein; 2.5–15 mg/kg; 100 days	OVX or OVX + talc	↑	NA	↓ formation & resorption markers	↔	↔	NA
6	Puel et al. 2008 [31]	Tyrosol 0.017%, or hydroxytyrosol 0.017%, or olive mill wastewater 0.17%, or olive mill wastewater extract 0.08% or 0.0425%; 84 days.	OVX or OVX + talc	↑ (all except OMWW)	NA	↑ osteocalcin; ↔ DPD	↔	↓ isoprostane; ↔ FRAP	↓ granulocytes (OMWW 0.0425%); ↔ fibrinogen
7	Hagiwara et al. 2011 [33]	Hydroxytyrosol or tyrosol or oleuropein; 10 mg/kg; 28 days	OVX	↑ trabecular; ↔ cortical	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
8	Keiler et al. 2014 [34]	Olive oil phenolic extract; 800 mg/kg diet; 12 weeks	OVX	NA	↔	NA	NA	NA	NA

Abbreviation: ALP = alkaline phosphatase; DPD = deoxypyridinoline; FRAP = ferric reducing ability of plasma; NA = data not available; OMWW = olive mill waste water; OVX = ovariectomy; talc = talc-induced inflammation; Legend: ↑ indicates a significant increase, ↓ a significant decrease and ↔ an insignificant change compared to control animals.