Table 2.
Endocrine disrupting effects of the commonly used UV filters.
| UV Filters | Endocrine Disrupting Effects | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Benzophenones | Estrogenic disrupting effects | Activation of ERα, ERβ; Inhibition of the activity of 17β-Estradiol; Induction of proliferation of MCF-7 cell; Induction of VTG in fathead minnows; Reduce of the uterine weight in immature Long-Evans rats | [22,26,32,33,34,35,36,37] |
| Androgenic disrupting effects | Antagonists of human AR transactivation; Repression of 4,5-dihydrotestosterone-induced transactivational activity; Inhibition of testosterone formation in mice and rats | [34,36,37,38,39] | |
| Disrupting effects toward other nuclear receptors | Inhibition of human recombinant TPO; Interference with THR; Inhibition of TPO activity in rats; Antagonists of PR | [38,40,41,42] | |
| Camphor derivatives | Disrupting effects toward estrogen receptor | Activation of ERα, ERβ; Inhibition of the activity of 17β-Estradiol; Induction of proliferation of MCF-7 cell; Induction of pS2 protein in MCF-7 cells; Reduce of the uterine weight in rats; Induction of VTG in fish | [22,26,43,44,45,46,47,48,49] |
| Disrupting effects toward androgen receptor | Repression of 4,5-dihydrotestosterone-induced transactivational activity; Inhibition of testosterone formation in HEK-293 cells; Antagonists of Human AR | [36,38,39,50] | |
| Disrupting effects toward progesterone receptor | Antagonists of PR; Increase of PR mRNA levels in rats; Inhibition of the expression of PR protein in rats; Disturbance of the expression of membrane-associate PR in insects | [38,47,51,52] | |
| Cinnamate derivatives | Disrupting effects toward estrogen receptor | Activation of ERα; Inhibition of the activity of 17β-Estradiol; Induction of proliferation of MCF-7 cell; Reduce of the uterine weight in rats; Induction of VTG in fish | [22,36,43,45,48,49] |
| Disrupting effects toward thyroid hormone receptor | Decrease of T4 level; Inhibition of the conversion of T4 to triiodothyronine in rats | [16,53,54] | |
| Disrupting effects toward other nuclear receptors | Antagonists of PR and AR; Inhibition of 4,5-dihydrotestosterone activity; Reduce of the prostate and testicular weight in rats | [16,36,38] | |
AR: androgen receptor; ER: estrogen receptor alpha; PR: progesterone receptor; T4: thyroxine; THR: thyroid hormone receptor; TPO: thyroid peroxidase; VTG: vitellogenin.