Table 8.

Probit estimates for the effect of domestic cooking fuels on women’s health (specific symptoms) in rural areas: CFPS 2010–2012 & CHNS 1991–2009.

CFPS
Variable	Fever	Cough	Pain	Palpitation
Coal	−0.003	0.003	0.007	0.006
	(0.005)	(0.004)	(0.015)	(0.005)
95% CI	[−0.013, 0.007]	[−0.005, 0.010]	[−0.021, 0.036]	[−0.003, 0.016]
LPG	0.001	0.003	−0.018	−0.008 *
	(0.004)	(0.003)	(0.012)	(0.004)
95% CI	[−0.006, 0.008]	[−0.003, 0.009]	[−0.041, 0.005]	[−0.017, 0.0003]
N	12,637	12,623	12,901	12,901
Pseudo R2	0.023	0.031	0.059	0.072
CHNS
Variable	Fever/Cough	Asthma	Eye	Heart/Chest Pain
Coal	−0.003	−0.007	−0.003 *	0.004 *
	(0.005)	(0.007)	(0.002)	(0.002)
95% CI	[−0.013, 0.007]	[−0.021, 0.006]	[−0.006, 0.0002]	[−0.0004, 0.008]
LPG	−0.001	−0.007	−0.004 **	0.003
	(0.006)	(0.010)	(0.002)	(0.002)
95% CI	[−0.012, 0.010]	[−0.027, 0.013]	[−0.008, −0.001]	[−0.002, 0.008]
N	15,539	1078	14,299	15,539
Pseudo R2	0.081	0.297	0.208	0.172

Notes: The dependent variable is a dummy for whether the respondent has suffered from fever, cough, asthma, pain, palpitation, eye or heart disease/chest pain (1 = yes, 0 = no). Asthma is only available in the year of 2009 for the CHNS. The controls are a dummy for household cooking fuel (0 = wood/straw, 1 = coal, 2 = liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), with wood/straw as the referent), individual characteristics, family characteristics, community characteristics, provincial dummies (with Liaoning as the referent in both the CFPS and CHNS) and year dummies (with 2010 and 1991 as the referent in the CFPS and CHNS, respectively). For the CHNS, controls are similar to those in the CFPS but add dummies for time spent cooking (TSC, 1 = TSC < 1 h/day, 2 = 1 ≤ TSC < 2 h/day, 3 = 2 ≤ TSC < 3 h/day, 4 = TSC ≥ 3 h/day, with group 1 as the referent). Marginal effects are reported. Village/neighbour or community-level clustered standard errors are in parentheses and 95% confidence intervals (CI) are in brackets.* p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01.