Table 2. ORsa and 95% CIs for the overall association between one s.d. increase in PUFA-specific wPRSs and prostate cancer risk, and associations stratified by potential effect measure modifiers using individual-level data from the PRACTICAL consortium.
|
ω-6 PUFAs |
ω-3 PUFAs |
||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Linoleic acid (LA) |
Arachidonic acid (AA) |
α-Linolenic acid (ALA) |
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) |
Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) |
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) |
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| Subgroup | Cases/Controls | OR | 95% CI | P-value | OR | 95% CI | P-value | OR | 95% CI | P-value | OR | 95% CI | P-value | OR | 95% CI | P-value | OR | 95% CI | P-value |
|
Overall | |||||||||||||||||||
| All men | 22 721/23 034 | 1.00 | 0.98, 1.02 | 0.65 | 1.01 | 0.99, 1.03 | 0.36 | 0.99 | 0.97, 1.01 | 0.38 | 1.01 | 0.99, 1.03 | 0.31 | 1.01 | 0.99, 1.03 | 0.16 | 1.00 | 0.98, 1.02 | 0.81 |
|
Smoking status | |||||||||||||||||||
| Ever smokers | 4789/4914 | 0.99 | 0.95, 1.04 | 0.81 | 1.01 | 0.97, 1.05 | 0.69 | 0.99 | 0.95, 1.03 | 0.66 | 1.01 | 0.97, 1.06 | 0.65 | 1.01 | 0.97, 1.05 | 0.66 | 1.00 | 0.96, 1.04 | 0.99 |
| Never smokers | 3091/2954 | 1.00 | 0.95, 1.06 | 0.98 | 1.01 | 0.95, 1.07 | 0.76 | 0.99 | 0.94, 1.05 | 0.81 | 0.99 | 0.93, 1.04 | 0.62 | 1.00 | 0.94, 1.05 | 0.94 | 0.98 | 0.93, 1.04 | 0.56 |
| Pinteractionb | 0.87 |
0.99 |
0.92 |
0.50 |
0.74 |
0.65 |
|||||||||||||
|
Age | |||||||||||||||||||
| <62 years of age | 8259/13 684 | 0.95 | 0.92, 0.98 | 2.6 × 10−4 | 1.05 | 1.02, 1.08 | 2.0 × 10−3 | 0.96 | 0.93, 0.98 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 1.04 | 1.01, 1.06 | 1.7 × 10−2 | 1.05 | 1.02, 1.08 | 2.0 × 10−3 | 1.01 | 0.98, 1.04 | 0.43 |
| ⩾62 years of age | 14 462/9350 | 1.04 | 1.01, 1.07 | 6.0 × 10−3 | 0.98 | 0.95, 1.01 | 0.11 | 1.02 | 0.99, 1.05 | 0.10 | 0.99 | 0.96, 1.02 | 0.43 | 0.99 | 0.96, 1.01 | 0.28 | 0.99 | 0.96, 1.02 | 0.48 |
| Pinteractionb | 5.2 × 10−6 |
8.5 × 10−4 |
6.5 × 10−4 |
2.3 × 10−2 |
2.8 × 10−3 |
0.29 |
|||||||||||||
|
Disease severity | |||||||||||||||||||
| Advanced cancerc | 4802/23 034 | 0.99 | 0.97, 1.01 | 0.24 | 1.01 | 0.99, 1.04 | 0.58 | 0.99 | 0.97, 1.01 | 0.59 | 1.01 | 0.99, 1.03 | 0.96 | 1.02 | 0.99, 1.03 | 0.69 | 1.00 | 0.98, 1.02 | 0.43 |
| Non-advanced cancer | 17 919/23 034 | 1.02 | 0.99, 1.05 | 0.31 | 0.99 | 0.96, 1.02 | 0.19 | 1.01 | 0.98, 1.04 | 0.20 | 1.00 | 0.97, 1.03 | 0.23 | 1.01 | 0.97, 1.04 | 0.13 | 1.01 | 0.98, 1.05 | 0.99 |
| Phomogeneityd | 0.10 |
0.32 |
0.28 |
0.59 |
0.65 |
0.62 |
|||||||||||||
|
Method of detection | |||||||||||||||||||
| Screen-detected | 4414/23 034 | 0.98 | 0.94, 1.02 | 0.25 | 1.04 | 0.99, 1.08 | 0.06 | 0.97 | 0.93, 1.00 | 0.07 | 1.03 | 0.99, 1.07 | 0.08 | 1.03 | 0.99, 1.07 | 0.08 | 1.00 | 0.96, 1.04 | 0.93 |
| Clinically-detected | 8597/23 034 | 1.00 | 0.97, 1.03 | 0.86 | 1.00 | 0.97, 1.03 | 0.92 | 1.00 | 0.97, 1.03 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.96, 1.02 | 0.58 | 1.00 | 0.97, 1.03 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.96, 1.02 | 0.52 |
| Phomogeneityd | 0.43 | 0.15 | 0.20 | 0.12 | 0.24 | 0.69 | |||||||||||||
Abbreviations: 95% CIs=95% confidence intervals; ORs=odds ratios; s.d.= standard deviation; wPRSs= weighted-polygenic risk scores.
ORs and 95% CIs adjusted for age, eight principal components for European ancestry, and PRACTICAL study site, and represent one s.d. increase in each PUFA-specific wPRS (i.e., 1.20 for LA, 1.13 for AA, 0.01 for ALA, 0.06 for EPA, 0.06 for DPA, and 0.08 for DHA).
Interaction assessed on a multiplicative scale using the likelihood ratio test.
Advanced prostate cancer refers to prostate cancer cases with either Gleason score ⩾ 8, death from prostate cancer, metastatic disease, or prostate-specific antigen levels > 100 ng ml−1 at diagnosis.
ORs and 95% CIs for advanced vs non-advanced and screen-detected vs clinically-detected prostate cancers were estimated using polytomous regression. A homogeneity test was conducted to assess statistically significant differences between stratum-specific estimates.