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. 2016 Aug 19;8(8):231. doi: 10.3390/v8080231

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Overview of the various interactions between rabies virus proteins and immune factors. Interactions between rabies virus (RABV) and the immune system are depicted here. Each colored section refers specifically to the interactions between the main viral proteins and the host. RABV induces an upregulation of certain host processes in order to evade immune response and subsequently improve viral replication and spread (green arrows). Alternatively, RABV inhibits specific immune responses, resulting in increased pathogenicity and the evasion of downstream immune responses (red stop lines). Red lines indicate inhibition steps; Green lines indicate upregulation; Black arrows indicate interaction; Dashed lines indicate indirect influences/downstream interactions. Abbreviations: ANV genes, antiviral genes; Apop, apoptosis; Bax, Bcl-associated X protein; CXLC10, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10; CytC Ox, cytochrome C oxidase; Cytokine Prod, cytokine production; DC mat, dendritic cell maturation; eIF3, eukaryotic initiation factor 3; FasL, Fas Ligand; G, glycoprotein; HLA-E, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain E; HSP70, heat shock protein 70; ICE, Interleukin-1b converting enzyme; IFN-a, interferon-alpha; IFN-b, interferon-beta; IFN-g, interferon-gamma; IL-6 fam, interleukin (IL)-6 family; innate adapt, innate and adaptive immune responses; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide; IRF3, -7, IFN regulatory factor 3, -7; ISGF-3, IFN-stimulated gene factor 3; M, matrix protein; Mito dysfn, mitochondrial dysfunction; MxA, myxovirus resistance-A; Mφ, macrophage; N, nucleoprotein; NBs, nuclear bodies; Nedd2, caspase-2; NK cell apop, natural killer cell apoptosis; NO, nitric oxide; non-path, non-pathogenic strains of RABV; OAS1, 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 1; P, phosphoprotein; path, pathogenic strains of RABV; PD-1, programmed death-1; PML, promyelocytic leukaemia; pY-STAT, tyrosine phosphorylated STAT; ↑ RABV P, increase in RABV P protein production; Rdp, replication-dependent processes; ↑ Rep, increased replication; Rep + Bud, replication and budding; RIG-I, retinoic acid-inducible gene I; RLR, RIG-I-like receptor; RNS, reactive nitrogen species; spread neuroinv, viral spread and neuroinvasion; STAT1–3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1–3; TBK1, TANK-binding kinase 1; TLR, Toll-like receptor; TRAIL-R, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-receptor; Ubi ligase, Ubiquitin ligase; V Prot T/L, viral protein translation.